propiùs accessisset; seque id sine periculo facere posse existimaret." Non respuit conditionem Cæsar: jamque eum ad sanitatem reverti arbitrabatur, quum id, quod antea petenti denegâsset, ultro polliceretur : magnamque in spem veniebat, pro suis tantis, populique R. in eum beneficiis, cognitis suis postulatis, fore utì pertinaciâ desisteret. Dies colloquio dictus est ex eo die quintus. Interim quum sæpe ultro citròque legati inter eos mitterentur. Ariovistus postulavit, "ne quem peditem ad colloquium Cæsar adduceret: vereri se, ne per insidias ab eo circumveniretur: uterque cum equitatu veniret: 1 aliâ ratione se non esse venturum." Cæsar, quòd neque colloquium, interpositâ caussâ, tolli volebat, neque salutem suam Gallorum equitatui committere audebat ; commodissimum esse statuit, omnibus equis Gallis equitibus detractis, legionarios eò milites legionis decimæ, cui quàm maximè confidebat, imponere ; ut præsidium quàm amicissimum, si quid opus facto esset, haberet. Quod quum fieret, non irridiculè quidam ex militibus decimæ legionis dixit; " Plus, quàm pollicitus esset, Cæsarem facere : pollicitum in cohortis prætoriæ loco decimam legionem habiturum, nunc 2 ad equum rescribere."

XLIII. Planities erat magna, et in eâ tumulus terreus satis grandis. Hic locus æquo ferè spatio ab castris utrisque aberat: eò, ut erat dictum, ad colloquium venerunt. Legionem Cæsar, quam equis devexerat, passibus cc ab eo tumulo constituit: item equites Ariovisti pari intervallo constiterunt. Ariovistus, ut ex equis colloquerentur, et præter se, denos ut ad colloquium adducerent, postulavit. Ubi eò ventum est, Cæsar initio orationis sua Senatusque in eum beneficia commemoravit : "quòd rex appellatus esset à Senatu, quòd amicus, 3 quòd munera amplissima missa: quam rem et paucis contigisse, et à Romanis pro maximis hominum officiis consuevisse tribui" docebat: "illum, quum neque aditum, neque caussam postulandi justam haberet, beneficio ac liberalitate suâ ac Senatûs, ea præmia consecutum." Docebat etiam, “quàm veteres, quàmque justæ caussæ necessitudinis ipsis cum Eduis intercederent; quæ Senatûs consulta, quoties, quàmque honorifica in eos facta essent; ut omni tempore totius Galliæ principatum Ædui tenuissent, priùs etiam quàm nostram amicitiam appetissent: populi R. hanc esse consuetudinem, ut socios atque amicos non modò sui nihil deperdere, sed gratiâ, dignitate, honore auctos velit esse : quod verò ad amicitiam

populi R. attulissent, id iis eripi quis pati posset?" Postulavit deinde eadem, quæ legatis in mandatis dederat," ne aut Æduis, aut eorum sociis, bellum inferret: obsides redderet: si nullam partem Germanorum domum remittere posset, at ne quos ampliùs Rhenum transire pateretur." XLIV. Ariovistus ad postulata Cæsaris pauca respondit : de suis virtutibus multa prædicavit : "transîsse Rhenum sese non suâ sponte, sed rogatum et accersitum à Gallis: non sine magnâ spe magnisque præmiis domum propinquosque reliquisse; sedes habere in Galliâ ab ipsis concessas; obsides ipsorum voluntate datos; stipendium capere jure belli, quòd victores victis imponere consueverint: non sese Gallis, sed Gallos sibi bellum intulisse : 1 omnes Galliæ civitates ad se oppugnandum venisse, ac contra se castra habuisse: eas omnes copias uno abs se prœlio fusas ac superatas esse. Si iterum experiri velint, paratum se decertare: sin pace uti malint, iniquum esse de stipendio recusare, quod suâ voluntate ad id tempus pependerint: amicitiam populi R. sibi ornamento et præsidio, non detrimento, esse oportere; idque se eâ spe petîsse : si per populum R. stipendium remittatur, et dedititii subtrahantur, non minùs libenter sese recusaturum populi R. amicitiam, quàm appetierit : quòd multitudinem Germanorum in Galliam transducat, id se sui muniendi, non Galliæ impugnandæ, caussâ facere; ejus rei testimonium esse, quòd nisi rogatus non venerit ; et quòd bellum non intulerit, sed defenderit: se priùs in Galliam venisse, quàm populum R. nunquam ante hoc tempus exercitum populi R. Gallia Provinciæ fines egressum: quid sibi vellet? cur in suas possessiones veniret? Provinciam suam esse hanc Galliam, sicuti illam nostram: ut sibi concedi non oporteret, si in nostros fines impetum faceret: sic iterum nos esse iniquos, quòd in suo jure se interpellaremus: quòd ex S. C. Eduos appellatos amicos diceret; non se tam barbarum, neque tam imperitum esse rerum, ut non sciret, 4 neque bello Allobrogum proximo, Eduos Romanis auxilium tulisse, neque ipsos in his contentionibus, quas Ædui secum et cum Sequanis habuissent, auxilio populi R. usos esse: debere se suspicari, simulatâ Cæsarem amicitiâ, quòd exercitum in Galliâ habeat, sui opprimendi caussâ habere; quòd nisi decedat, atque exercitum deducat ex his regionibus, sese illum non pro amico, sed pro hoste habiturum quòd si eum interfecerit, multis sese nobilibus, principibusque populi Romani gratum esse facturum; id se ab ipsis per eorum nuncios com

5

2

NOTES.

1 Omnes Gulliæ civitates.] This is not the truth, for only the Ædui and their allies fought against him.

2 Se priùs in Gallium venisse.] Ariovistus here again does not adhere to truth, for Domitius had long before him invaded and conquered districts beyond the boundaries of the Roman province in Gaul.

3 Quód in suo jure se interpellaremus.] Because we would disturb him in the pos session of his right

3

66

pertum habere, quorum omnium gratiam atque amicitiam ejus morte redimere posset: quòd si discessisset, ac liberam sibi possessionem Galliæ tradidisset, magno se illum præmio remuneraturum, et quæcunque bella geri vellet, sine ullo ejus labore et periculo confecturum." XLV. Multa à Cæsare in eam sententiam dicta sunt, quare negotio desistere non posset; et neque suam neque populi R. consuetudinem pati, utì optimè meritos socios desereret; neque se judicare Galliam potiùs esse Ariovisti, quàm populi Romani. Bello superatos esse Arvernos et Rutenos à Q. Fabio Maximo, quibus populus R. ignovisset: 3 neque in provinciam redegisset, neque stipendium imposuisset : quòd si antiquissimum quodque tempus spectari oporteret, populi R. justissimum esse in Galliâ imperium; si judicium Senatûs servari oporteret, liberam debere esse Galliam, quam bello victam suis legibus uti voluisset."

2

XLVI. Dum hæc in colloquio geruntur, Cæsari nunciatum est, equites Ariovisti propiùs tumulum accedere et ad nostros adequitare, lapides telaque in nostros conjicere. Cæsar loquendi finem fecit, seque ad suos recepit, suisque imperavit, nè quod omnino telum in hostes rejicerent: nam etsi sine ullo periculo legionis delectæ cum equitatu prælium fore videbat ; tamen committendum non putabat, ut, pulsis hostibus, dici posset, eos à se per fidem in colloquio circumventos. Posteaquam in vulgus militum elatum est, quâ arrogantiâ in colloquio Ariovistus usus, omni Galliâ Romanis interdixisset; impetumque in nostros ejus equites fecissent, eaque res colloquium diremisset; multò major alacritas, studiumque pugnandi majus exercitui injectum est.

4

XLVII. Biduo pòst, Ariovistus legatos ad Cæsarem mittit, "velle se de his rebus, quæ inter eos agi cœptæ, neque perfectæ essent, agere cum eo: utì aut iterum colloquio diem constitueret; aut, si id minùs vellet, ex suis legatis aliquem ad se mitteret." Colloquendi Cæsari caussa visa non est; et eò magis quòd pridie ejus diei Germani retineri non potuerant, quin in nostros tela conjicerent. Legatum ex suis sese magno cum periculo ad eum missurum, et hominibus feris objecturum, existimabat. Commodissimum visum est, Caium Valerium Procillum, Caii Valerii Caburi filium, summâ virtute et humanitate adoles

NOTES.

1 Bello superatos esse Arvernos et Rutenos.] This event took place sixty three years anterior to Cæsar's present campaign. The Ruteni dwelt in the district which formed the late province of Rouergue, now the department of Aveiron.

2 Quibus populus R. ignovisset.] The Romans were said to pardon the people they conquered, when they were left free to enjoy their own laws, and were governed by their own magistrates.

3 Neque in provinciam redegisset.] A

country was reduced to the state of a Roman province, when its form of government was destroyed, its laws annulled, its inhabitants obligated to the payment of tribute, and subjected to the authority of magistrates sent at stated periods from Rome.

4 Eos à se per fidem in colloquio circumventos.] That they had been taken unawares by him, while confiding in the engagement of abstaining from hostilities during the conference.

centem, ('cujus pater à Caio Valerio Flacco civitate donatus erat) et propter fidem et propter linguæ Gallicæ scientiam, 2 quâ multâ jam Ariovistus longinquâ consuetudine utebatur, et quòd in eo peccandi Germanis caussa non esset, ad eum mittere; et M. Mettium, qui hospitio Ariovisti usus erat. His mandavit ut quæ diceret Ariovistus cognoscerent, et ad se referrent. Quos quum apud se in castris Ariovistus conspexisset, exercitu suo præsente, conclamavit: "Quid ad se venirent? an speculandi caussâ?" Conantes dicere prohibuit, et in catenas conjecit.

XLVIII. Eodem die castra promovit, et millibus passuum vi à Cæsaris castris sub monte consedit. Postridie ejus diei, præter castra Cæsaris suas copias transduxit, et millibus passuum 11 ultra eum castra fecit; eo consilio, utì frumento commeatuque qui ex Sequanis et Æduis supportaretur, Cæsarem intercluderet. Ex eo die dies continuos v Cæsar pro castris suas copias produxit, et aciem instructam habuit; ut si vellet Ariovistus prælio contendere, ei potestas non deesset. Ariovistus his omnibus diebus exercitum castris continuit: equestri prælio quotidie contendit. 4 Genus hoc erat pugnæ, quo se Germani exercuerant. Equitum millia erant vi, totidem numero pedites velocissimi ac fortissimi, quos ex omni copiâ singuli singulos, suæ salutis caussâ, delegerant. Cum his in præliis versabantur: ad hos se equites recipiebant: hi, si quid erat durius, concurrebant: si qui, graviore vulnere accepto, equo deciderant, circumsistebant: si quò erat longiùs prodeundum, aut celeriùs recipiendum, tanta erat horum exercitatione celeritas, ut, 5 jubis equorum sublevati, cursum adæquarent.

XLIX. Ubi eum castris sese tenere Cæsar intellexit, ne diutiùs commeatu prohiberetur, ultra eum locum, quo in loco Germani consederant,

NOTES.

1 Cujus pater à Caio Valerio Flacco civitate donatus erat.] The freedom of the city conferred on a city or district of any Roman province was considered as a very honourable distinction; when it was granted to an individual, it was customary for him to assume the name of his patron.

2 Quâ multâ jam Ariovistus longinqua consuetudine utebatur.] Which Ariovistus now by long use spoke with much fluency. 3 Qui hospitio Ariovisti usus erat.] Among the ancients there were no public inns for the accommodation of travellers, hence persons on a journey were obliged to make use of that hospitality and liberal entertainment of strangers, for which almost all the nations of antiquity were so justly celebrated, and which among them was considered as a sacred duty: this custom was often the occasion of a very intimate friendship between individuals; in token thereof, a piece of wood, called Tea

sera hospitalitatis, was cut into two parts, of which one was kept by each party; a mutual fidelity was also sworn to one another by Jupiter. This connection of hospitality was often formed by persons at a distance, by sending presents to each other. The violation of the laws of hospitality was considered as the greatest impiety.

4 Genus hoc erat pugna.] Cæsar must have been made very sensible of the superior advantages of a corps thus organized in skirmishing, by his imitation thereof; see book vii. c. lxv. of the present war, and book iii. c. lxxxiv. of the civil war. The tactics of the French corps of Voltigeurs appear to be an improvement of this method of fighting.

5. Jubis equorum sublevati, cursum adequarent.] Having taken hold of, and supported by the horses' manes, they could keep pace with them;

circiter passus DC ab eis, castris idoneum locum delegit, acieque triplici instructâ, ad eum locum venit. Primam et secundam aciem in armis esse, tertiam castra munire jussit. Hic locus ab hoste circiter passus DC, utì dictum est, aberat : eò circiter hominum numerum 2xvi millia expedita cum omni equitatu Ariovistus misit, quæ copiæ nostros perterrerent, et munitione prohiberent. Nihilò seciùs Cæsar, ut antè constituerat, duas acies hostem propulsare, tertiam opus perficere jussit. Munitis castris, duas ibi legiones reliquit, et 3 partem auxiliorum: quatuor reliquas in castra majora reduxit.

L. Proximo die, instituto suo, Cæsar ex castris utrisque copias suas eduxit; paullulùmque à majoribus progressus aciem instruxit, hostibusque pugnandi potestatem fecit. Ubi ne tum quidem eos prodire intellexit, circiter meridiem exercitum in castra reduxit. Tum demum Ariovistus partem suarum copiarum, quæ castra minora oppugnaret, mi, sit: acriter utrinque usque ad vesperum pugnatum est. Solis occasu suas copias Ariovistus, multis et illatis et acceptis vulneribus, in castra reduxit. Quum ex captivis quæreret Cæsar, quamobrem Ariovistus prælio non decertaret, hanc reperiebat caussam : Quòd apud Germanos ea consuetudo esset, ut 5 matresfamiliâs eorum sortibus et vaticinationibus declararent, utrùm prælium committi ex usu esset, necne: eas ita dicere, "Non esse fas Germanos superare, si ante noyam lunam prœ lio contendissent.

6

NOTES.

1 Acieque triplici instructâ.] Having drawn up his army in three lines. This generally was the order of battle among the Romans, the Hastati occupied the first line, the Principes the second, and the Triarii the third; these lines were formed by maniples with intervals between them at least equal to the extension of their front, the manipies of the second line fronted the void spaces of the first, those of the third were immediately in rear of those of the first. It is very uncertain whether in Cæsar's time the troops were distinguished by the denominations of Hastati, Principes and Triarii, he no where makes mention of them.

2 XVI milliu expedita.] Sixteen thousand light troops, so termed from the celerity of their movements, and the lightness of their equipments.

3 Partem auxiliorum.] The troops sent by the states in alliance with the Romans were called auxiliaries. They were often paid by their own government; their station was on the wings, hence they were sometimes termed Ale; the Præfects commanded them in the same manner as the Tribunes did the legionary soldiers.

4 Acriter utrinque, &c.] Diodorus relates that Ariovistus had nearly possessed himself of this camp; and that elated thereby he the next day accepted Cæsar's offer of battle, notwithstanding the prohibition of the women.

5 Matresfamilias.] The ancient Ger. ' mans were superstitious in the extreme, to their women they paid the greatest respect, looking upon them as something more than human and believing them to be endowed with the knowledge of futurity; their advice was not to be despised, nor their answers to be neglected: their divinations were generally taken from the motion of whirlpools in rivers, and from the noise of waters.

6 Ex usu esset.]

ous.

Would be advantage

7 Non esse fus.] The word fas was ap plied in religious observances nearly in the same manner that jus was in civil institutions, it implied that the thing was consonant with the rites of religion and acceptable to the Gods. The new moon was considered by the Germans as very auspicious to an undertaking. Lycurgus also in his laws for the government of Sparta com