1

LI. Postridie ejus diei Cæsar, præsidio utrisque castris, quod satis esse visum est, relicto, 1 omnes alarios in conspectu hostium pro castris minoribus constituit, (quòd minùs multitudine militum legionariorum, pro hostium numero, valebat) ut ad speciem alariis uteretur. Ipse, triplici instructâ acie, usque ad castra hostium accessit. Tum demum necessariò Germani suas copias è castris eduxerunt: generatimque constituerunt, paribusque intervallis Harudes, Marcomanos, Triboccos, Vangiones, Nemetes, Sedusios, Suevos; omnemque aciem suam rhedis et carris circumdederunt, ne qua spes in fugâ relinqueretur. Eò mulieres imposuerunt, quæ in prælium proficiscentes milites, passis crinibus, flentes implorabant, ne se in servitutem Romanis traderent.

LII. Cæsar singulis legionibus singulos legatos et 3 quæstorem præfecit, utì eos testes suæ quisque virtutis haberet. Ipse à dextro cornu, quòd eam partem minimè firmam hostium esse animadverterat, prælium commisit. Ita nostri acriter in hostes, signo dato, impetum fecerunt ; itaque hostes repentè celeriterque procurrerunt, ut spatium pila in hostes conjiciendi non daretur. Rejectis pilis, comminus gladiis pugnatum est. At Germani celeriter, ex consuetudine suâ, phalange factâ, impetus gladiorum exceperunt. Reperti sunt complures nostri milites, qui in phalangas insilirent, et scuta manibus revellerent, et desuper vulnerarent. Quum hostium acies à sinistro cornu pulsa, atque in fugam conversa esset, à dextro cornu vehementer, multitudine suorum, nostram aciem premebant. Id quum animadvertisset P. Crassus adolescens, qui equitatui præerat, quòd expeditior erat, quàm hi qui inter aciem versabantur, tertiam aciem laborantibus nostris subsidio misit.

4

5

LIII. Ita prælium restitutum est, atque omnes hostes terga verterunt, neque priùs fugere destiterunt, quàm ad flumen Rhenum millia passuum ex eo loco circiter quinquaginta pervenerunt. Ibi perpauci, aut viribus confisi, transnatare contenderunt; aut, lintribus inventis, salutem sibi petierunt. In his fuit Ariovistus, qui naviculam deligatam ad ripam nactus, eâ profugit: reliquos omnes, equites consecuti nostri interfecerunt. 6 Duæ fuerunt Ariovisti uxores, una Sueva natione, quam domo secum adduxerat ; altera Norica, regis Vocionis soror, quam in Galliâ duxerat à fratre missam; utraque in eâ fugâ periit: duæ filiæ harum, altera occisa, altera capta est, C. Valerius Procillus, quum à custodibus in fugâ

NOTES.

manded that the army should not march before the commencement of the new

moon.

1 Omnes alarios.] The auxiliaries, thus termed from being placed on the Ale or wings.

2 Harudes, Marcomanos] The districts inhabited by most of the people here mentioned is not known with certainty, they all however seem to have been situated along the shores of the Rhine.

ded the army acted as paymasters to the troops, and sold the booty that had been acquired by conquest.

4 Et scuta manibus revellerent.] Soldiers formed in a phalanx covered their heads with their shields.

5 Millia passuum ex eo loco circiter quinquaginta.] Some copies have five miles, Plutarch has thirty-six.

6 Due fuerunt Ariovisti uxores.] The chiefs among the Germans were allow3 Questorem.] The Questors that atten- ed several wives as a mark of distinction.

trinis catenis vinctus traheretur, in ipsum Cæsarem hostium equitatum persequentem incidit; quæ quidem res Cæsari non minorem, quàm ipsa victoria, voluptatem attulit; quòd hominem honestissimum provinciæ Galliæ, suum familiarem et hospitem, ereptum è manibus hostium, sibi restitutum videbat: neque ejus calamitate de tantâ voluptate et gratulatione quidquam fortuna diminuerat. Is, se præsente, de se ter sortibus consultum dicebat, utrùm igni statim necaretur, an in aliud tempus reservaretur: sortium beneficio se esse incolumen. Item M. Mettius repertus, et ad eum reductus est.

LIV. Hoc prælio trans Rhenum nunciato, Suevi, qui ad ripas Rheni venerant, domum reverti cœperunt: quos 1 Ubii, qui proximè Rhenum incolunt, perterritos insecuti, magnum ex his numerum occiderunt. Cæsar, unâ æstate duobus maximis bellis confectis, maturiùs paullo quàm tempus anni postulabat, in hiberna in Sequanos exercitum deduxit: hibernis Labienum præposuit: ipse in citeriorem Galliam, ad conventus agendos, profectus est.

2

NOTES.

1 Ubii.] The Ubii inhabited the district which formed the late electorate of Cologne; in Cæsar's time they dwelt on the right banks of the Rhine, but afterwards removed to the left.

2 Ad conventus agendos.] The goverdors of provinces generally devoted the

summer to their military operations, and the winter to the civil part of their administration, which consisted in presiding over the courts of justice, hearing petitions, determining processes, regulating taxes, contributions, &c.

1

DE BELLO GALLICO.

LIBER II.

ARGUMENT.

A general league is formed by the Belga against the Romans, Cæsar obliges their allied army to disperse, and then subdues the Nervii, Atuatici, &c.

I. QUUM esset Cæsar in citeriore Galliâ in hibernis, ita utì suprà demonstravimus, crebri`ad eum rumores afferebantur, litterisque item Labieni certior fiebat, omnes Belgas, quam tertiam esse Galliæ partem dixeramus, contra populum R. conjurare, obsidesque inter se dare. Conjurandi has esse caussas: primùm, quòd vererentur, ne, omni pacatâ Galliâ, ad eos exercitus noster adduceretur: deinde, quòd ab nonnullis Gallis sollicitarentur; partim, qui ut Germanos diutiùs in Galliâ versari1 noluerant, ita populi R. exercitum hiemare atque inveterascere in Galliâ molestè ferebant; partim qui, mobilitate et levitate animi, novis imperiis studebant: 2 ab nonnullis etiam, quòd in Galliâ à potentioribus, atque iis qui ad conducendos homines facultates habebant, vulgò regna occupabantur; qui minùs facilè eam rem imperio nostro consequi poterant.

II. Iis nunciis litterisque commotus Cæsar, duas legiones in citeriore Galliâ novas conscripsit, et initâ æstate, in interiorem Galliam qui deduceret, Q. Pedium legatum misit. Ipse, quum primùm pabuli copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum venit. Dat negotium Senonibus, reliquis

3

NOTES.

1 Noluerant.] Scaliger and several others read nollent; but since the Germans had already been driven out of Gaul, the pluperfect noluerant is certainly the most correct, and has also the authority of the most authentic manuscripts.

2 Ab nonnullis etiam, quòd, &c.] They were solicited also by some ambitious persons, for in Gaul the government was usually in

the hands of the powerful, and of those possessed of the means of attaching the people to their interest.

3 Q Pedium.] Pedius was Cæsar's nephew.

He

4 Dat negotium Senonibus, &c.] charges the Senones &c. The Senones dwelt in the vicinity of the present town of Sens.

1

que Gallis, qui finitimi Belgis erant, utì ea, quæ apud eos gerantur, cognoscant, seque de his rebus certiorem faciant. Hi constanter omnes nunciaverunt, manus cogi, exercitum in unum locum conduci. Tum verò dubitandum non existimavit, quin ad eos duodecimo die proficisceretur. Re frumentariâ provisâ, castra movet, diebusque circiter xv ad fines Belgarum pervenit.

2

III. Eò quum de improviso, celeriùsque omnium opinione venisset, * Rhemi, qui proximi Galliæ ex Belgis sunt, ad eum legatos Iccium et Antebrogium primos civitatis suæ miserunt; qui dicerent," se suaque omnia in fidem atque potestatem populi R. permittere, neque se cum reliquis Belgis consensisse, neque contra populum R. omnino conjurâsse ; paratosque esse et obsides dare, et imperata facere, et oppidis recipere, et frumento cæterisque rebus juvare: reliquos omnes Belgas in armis esse: Germanosque qui cis Rhenum incolunt, sese cum his conjunxisse : tantumque esse eorum omnium furorem, ut ne 4 Suessiones quidem fratres consangineosque suos, qui eodem jure, iisdem legibus utantur, unum imperium, unumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant, deterrere potuerint, quin cum his consentirent."

3

IV. Quum ab his quæreret, quæ civitates, quantæque in armis essent, et quid in bello possent, sic reperiebat: plerosque Belgas esse ortos à Germanis, Rhenumque antiquitùs transductos, propter loci fertilitatem ibi consedisse; Gallosque, qui ea loca incolerent, expulisse; solosque esse, qui patrum nostrorum memoriâ, omni Galliâ vexatâ, Teutonos, Cimbrosque intra fines suos ingredi prohibuerint. Quâ ex re fieri, utì earum rerum memoriâ, magnam sibi auctoritatem, magnosque spiritus in re militari sumerent. De numero eorum omnia se habere explorata Rhemi dicebant; propterea quòd propinquitatibus affinitatibusque conjuncti, quantam quisque multitudinem in communi Belgarum concilio ad id bellum pollicitus sit, cognoverint. Plurimum inter eos 5 Bellovacos, et virtute, et auctoritate, et hominum numero valere: hos posse conficere armata millia centum; pollicitos ex eo numero lecta millia LX, totiusque belli imperium sibi postulare. Suessiones suos esse finitimos: latissimos, feracissimosque agros possidere: apud eos fuisse regem nostrâ etiam memoriâ Divitiacum, totius Galliæ potentissimum; qui quum magnæ partis harum regionum, tum etiam Britanniæ, imperium obtinuerit, nunc esse regem Galbam: ad hunc propter justitiam, pru

NOTES.

1 Munus cogi.] That the Belge were they were known by the names of Condruraising troops. si, Eburones, Cæræsi and Pæmani.

2 Rhemi.] The Rhemi inhabited the district in which the city of Rheims now stands.

3 Germanosque qui cis Rhenum incolunt.] The Germans here mentioned dwelt to the north east of the Belge along the shores of the Rhine, where they had for a considerable length of time been established;

4 Suessiones.] The Suessiones dwelt in the vicinity of the present city of Soissons.

5 Bellovacos, et virtute, et &c.] That among these the Bellovaci were superior for courage, reputation, and the number of their men; that they could raise a hundred thousand soldiers. The Bellovaci dwelt in the vicinity of the present city of Beauvais.

dentiamque, summam totius belli omnium voluntate deferri : oppida habere numero XII: polliceri millia armata quinquaginta: totidem Nervios, qui maximè feri inter ipsos habeantur, longissimèque absint: XV miilia 2 Atrebates: 3 Ambianos x millia: Morinos xxv millia : 5 Menapios Ix millia; Caletes x millia; 7 Velocasses et Veromanduos totidem: 9 Atuaticos XXIX millia: 10 Condrusos, 11 Eburones, 12 Cæræsos, Pæmanos, qui uno nomine Germani appellantur, arbitrari ad XL millia.

14

V. Cæsar Rhemos cohortatus, 13 liberaliterque oratione prosecutus, omnem senatum ad se convenire, principumque liberos obsides ad se adduci jussit: quæ omnia ab his diligenter ad diem facta sunt. Ipse Diviuacum Eduum magnoperè cohortatus, docet quantoperè Reipublicæ communisque salutis intersit, manus hostium distineri, ne cum tantâ multitudine uno tempore confligendum sit: id fieri posse, si suas copias Ædui in fines Bellovacorum introduxerint, et eorum agros populari cœperint. His mandatis eum ab se dimittit. Postquam omnes Belgarum copias in unum locum coactas ad se venire, neque jam longè abesse, ab his quos miserat exploratoribus, et ab Rhemis cognovit; flumen 15 Axonam, quod est in extremis Rhemorum finibus, exercitum transducere maturavit, atque ibi castra posuit. Quæ res et latus unum castrorum

16

NOTES.

1 Nervios.] The Nervii, who of all the inhabitants of Belgia were the least civilised, and most barbarous, are supposed to have inhabited the district which formed the late province of Cambray.

2 Atrebates.] The Atrebates dwelt in the late province of Artois.

3 Ambianos.] The Ambiani occupied the territory in which the city of Amiens now stands.

4 Morinos.] The Morini dwelt on the coast of the English channel, and it is supposed in the vicinity of the pr. sent city of Boulogne.

5 Menapios.] The Menapii inhabited the maritime district between the Scheldt and Rhine rivers.

6 Caletes.] The Caletes dwelt near

the mouth of the Seine.

7 Velocasses.] The Velocasses dwelt in the vicinity of the present city of Rouen. 8 Veromanduos.] The Veromandui inhabited the district in which the town of St. Quintin now stands.

9 Atuaticos.] The place where the Aduatic or Atuatici dwelt is not known with certainty, some think it to be Namur, others Bois-le-duc.

10 Condrusos.] Some suppose the Condrusi to have dwelt near the town of Huy in the late bishopric of Liege, others near Condrotz.

11 Eburones.] The Eburones are suppos ed to have inhabited the district in which the city of Liege now stands.

12 Caresos Pemanos.] The place înhabited by these people is not known. The allied army of the Belge consisted of 298,000 men, this being the amount of the several quotas above mentioned.

13 Liberaliterque oratione prosecutus.] And spoke kindly to them.

14 Manus hostium distineri.] For the forces of the enemy to be divided.

15 Axonum] The river Aisne which falls into the Oise at Compiegne.

16 Atque ibi castra posuit.] The Romans paid particular attention to their camps; persons were always sent before the army to choose and mark out the ground proper for an encampment. The form of a Roman camp was usually square, sometimes in imitation of the Greeks circular, or adapted to the nature of the ground; great care was taken to have it well fortified with a ditch and rampart. There were four entrances or gates to the camp, one on each side, that next the enemy was called (porto) Prætoria, the one opposite it (porta) Decumana, that on the right (porta) Prin-. cipalis dextra, and that on the left Principalis sinistra. The camp was divided into two parts, the upper called Prætorium wherein the quarters of the general, of the

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