M. TULLI CICERONIS

PRO T. ANNIO MILONE ORATIO

AD IUDICES.

I Etsi vereor, iudices, ne turpe sit pro fortissimo 1 viro dicere incipientem timere minimeque deceat, cum T. Annius ipse magis de rei publicae salute quam de

TITLE. T. Annio Milone. The Oratio: Read p. 49, § 90. For name Milo was a common one for the rhetorical division of forensic gladiators, and was probably given speeches see on Sestius, TITLE, as a nickname in this case. His oratio. The present oration may real name was T. Annius Papi- be divided as follows: EXORDIUM anus: the second being derived §§ 1-6. CONFUTATIO §§ 7-22. NARfrom his grandfather, T. Annius RATIO §§ 23-31. CONFIRMATIO Luscus, who adopted him, the §§ 32-91. PERORATIO §§ 92-105. third from his father, C. Papius Notice that the Confutatio here Celsus. He was born at Lanu- precedes the Confirmatio and is vium, and in 57 married Fausta, separated from it by the Narratio. the daughter of the dictator Sulla. Ad Iudices. According to the In the same year he was tribune, arrangement of Pompeius (see along with Sestius, and came p. 49, § 90) 81 jurors were selected into collision with the ex-tribune by lot from 360 proposed by himClodius: see Sest. §§ 86-92. Fail- self. This number was reduced to ing in his attempts to bring Clodius 51 by challenge, of whom 18 were to trial, Milo collected his famous senators, 17 knights, and 16 triband of gladiators, and began the bunes of the treasury. series of street brawls and riots that ended in the death of Clodius and his own exile. Read p. 48, §§ 88, 89.

EXORDIUM, §§ 1-6. Part 1. §§ 1-3. 32. The orator is disturbed by the peculiar circumstances of

sua perturbetur, me ad eius causam parem animi mag5 nitudinem afferre non posse, tamen haec novi iudicii nova forma terret oculos, qui quocumque inciderunt, consuetudinem fori et pristinum morem iudiciorum 2 requirunt. Non enim corona consessus vester cinctus est, ut solebat, non usitata frequentia stipati sumus, 10 non illa praesidia, quae pro templis omnibus cernitis, etsi contra vim collocata sunt, non afferunt tamen aliquid, ut in foro et in iudicio, quamquam praesidiis salutaribus et necessariis saepti sumus, tamen ne non timere quidem sine aliquo timore possimus. 15 Quae si opposita Miloni putarem, cederem tempori, iudices, nec inter tantam vim armorum existimarem esse orationi locum. Sed me recreat et reficit Cn. Pompei, sapientissimi et iustissimi viri, consilium, qui profecto nec iustitiae suae putaret esse, quem reum 20 sententiis iudicum tradidisset, eundem telis militum dedere nec sapientiae temeritatem concitatae multitu3 dinis auctoritate publica armare. Quam ob rem illa

the trial, but is reassured (a) by omitted
the wisdom and fairness of Pom- templis,
peius, (b) by the fact that the
troops are intended, not to over-
awe but to protect the court, and
(c) by the fact that the listeners
are on his (= Milo's) side.

in translation.

pro

in front of.' The temples surrounding the forum were used as strongholds by the roughs (cf. Sest. 34. 11 f), and Pompeius had wisely secured them in advance. aliquid, 'some apprehension.' non timere, 'be fearless:' in connection with sine aliquo timore, these words make an oxymoron. Quae tarem. Cicero knew that all the arrangements for the trial had been made by Pompeius to insure the conviction of Milo, § 2. 10-15. non illa.. non but it was his business to make afferunt: the two negatives neu- the jury think otherwise, if he tralize each other, and may be could.

§ 1. 1-6. fortissimo, not merely complimentary (see on IV. 13. 41), but in reference to Milo's dauntless opposition to Clodius. dicere depends upon incipientem, while timere is subj. of sit: what does incipientem agree with? novi... forma: see p. 49, § 90.

...

pu

arma, centuriones, cohortes non periculum nobis, sed praesidium denuntiant, neque solum ut quieto, sed etiam ut magno animo simus hortantur neque auxi- 25 lium modo defensioni meae, verum etiam silentium pollicentur. Reliqua vero multitudo, quae quidem est civium, tota nostra est, neque eorum quisquam, quos undique intuentis, unde aliqua fori pars aspici potest, et huius exitum iudicii expectantis videtis, non cum 30 virtuti Milonis favet, tum de se, de liberis suis, de patria, de fortunis hodierno die decertari putat. II. Unum genus est adversum infestumque nobis eorum, quos P. Clodi furor rapinis et incendiis et omnibus exitiis publicis pavit; qui hesterna etiam contione incitati sunt, ut vobis voce praeirent, quid iudicaretis. Quorum clamor si qui forte fuerit, admonere vos debebit, 5 ut eum civem retineatis, qui semper genus illud hominum clamoresque maximos prae vestra salute neglexit. Quam ob rem adeste animis, iudices, et timorem, 4 si quem habetis, deponite. Nam, si umquam de bonis et fortibus viris, si umquam de bene meritis civibus 10 potestas vobis iudicandi fuit, si denique umquam locus amplissimorum ordinum delectis viris datus est, ut

§ 3. 27-31. quae quidem est favor. Cicero will show that Clocivium, 'at least that which is dius laid an ambuscade for Milo, composed of citizens:' for the and was killed by the latter in clause cf. Sest. 140. 3. Cicero re-self-defence.

gards all the followers of Clodius 3. hesterna .. .contione, as slaves and traitors. neque quisquam . ... non favet, and every one not only applauds, etc.:' the negatives neutralize each other as in 11. 10, 11 above.

(EXORDIUM.) Part 2, §§ 3. 1-6. Only the bullies of Clodius are opposed to Milo. The jurors must give their verdict without fear or

even so lately as at yesterday's meeting.' For etiam in temporal sense cf. Sest. 54. 29; IV. 10. 28; I. 1. 2. At the meeting referred to the tribune Plancus had harangued the people against Milo.

§ 4. 8. adeste animis, 'be of good courage:' in another sense Sull. 33. 12.

sua studia erga fortis et bonos civis, quae vultu et verbis saepe significassent, re et sententiis declararent, 15 hoc profecto tempore eam potestatem omnem VOS habetis, ut statuatis, utrum nos, qui semper vestrae auctoritati dediti fuimus, semper miseri lugeamus an diu vexati a perditissimis civibus aliquando per vos 19 ac per vestram fidem, virtutem sapientiamque recre5 emur. Quid enim nobis duobus, iudices, laboriosius, quid magis sollicitum, magis exercitum dici aut fingi potest, qui spe amplissimorum praemiorum ad rem publicam adducti metu crudelissimorum suppliciorum carere non possumus? Equidem ceteras tempestates 25 et procellas in illis dumtaxat fluctibus contionum semper putavi Miloni esse subeundas, quia semper pro bonis contra improbos senserat, in iudicio vero et in eo consilio, in quo ex cunctis ordinibus amplissimi viri iudicarent, numquam existimavi spem ullam esse 30 habituros Milonis inimicos ad eius non modo salutem extinguendam, sed etiam gloriam per tales viros in6 fringendam. Quamquam in hac causa, iudices, T. Anni tribunatu rebusque omnibus pro salute rei publicae gestis ad huius criminis defensionem non abutemur. 35 Nisi oculis videritis insidias Miloni a Clodio factas, nec deprecaturi sumus, ut crimen hoc nobis propter

17. dediti fuimus, 'have i.e., exile. tales viros, ' such honbeen submissive.' Milo's respect orable men,' a standing complifor the courts was shown by ment for jurors. his exhausting all the processes § 6. 34-36. abutemur, of law against Clodius (see on advantage of.' nec deprecaturi, Sest. 84. 11) before using violence. etc. Cicero indicates three possi

6

take

§ 5. 20-31. nobis duobus: ble lines of defence for a confessed Cicero and Milo. For the neuter homicide: (1) To throw himself (Quid) used of persons cf. nihil, upon the mercy of the court, Sest. 110. 19.

suppliciorum, pleading his past services—this

multa praeclara in rem publicam merita condonetis, nec postulaturi, ut, si mors P. Clodi salus vestra fuerit, idcirco eam virtuti Milonis potius quam populi Romani felicitati assignetis. Sed si illius insidiae 40 clariores hac luce fuerint, tum denique obsecrabo obtestaborque vos, iudices, si cetera amisimus, hoc saltem nobis ut relinquatur, vitam ab inimicorum. audacia telisque ut inpune liceat defendere.

III. Sed antequam ad eam orationem venio, quae est 7 propria vestrae quaestionis, videntur ea esse refutanda, quae et in senatu ab inimicis saepe iactata sunt et in contione ab improbis et paulo ante ab accusatoribus, ut omni errore sublato rem plane, quae veniat 5 in iudicium, videre possitis. Negant intueri lucem esse fas ei, qui a se hominem occisum esse fateatur. In qua tandem urbe hoc homines stultissimi disputant? Nempe in ea, quae primum iudicium de capite vidit M. Horati, fortissimi viri, qui nondum libera civitate 10

course had often succeeded with ble homicide, not in self-defence, Roman juries. (2) To boldly claim from Roman history and mytholthat the murdered man was a ogy (§§ 7; 8). public enemy, and the homicide an act necessary for the safety of the state this course Brutus had advocated for Milo. (3) To plead self-defence - this is the line adopted by Cicero.

42. cetera amisimus, e.g., place in politics, peace of mind,

5.

as

...

§ 7. 1-10. orationem, as in Sest. 53. 2; 14. 9; Sull. 35. 27. quae . in iudicium, 'which comes before the court.' fas ei: for the dative cf. mihi, Ep. V. 1. quae . . . vidit, which saw its first capital trial the trial of, etc. :' iudicium is predicate, and the same word must be supplied as object of vidit. M. CONFUTATIO, §§ 7-22. Reply to Horati, the one survivor of the three assertions of Milo's enemies. duel between the Horatii and Cu1. "That no one who admitted riatii. His sister reproached him that he had killed a man deserved with having killed her lover, and to live." §§ 7-11. Cicero in re- he killed her also. He was formply (a) gives examples of justifia-ally condemned by the iudices,

etc.