VII

OTHER AESTHETIC DOCTRINES OF THE SAME PERIOD

Other writers of the eighteenth century: Batteux—The English: W.

Hogarth—E. Burke—H. Home—Eclecticism and sensationalism :

E. Platner — Fr. Hemsterhuis — Neo-Platonism and mysticism :

Winckelmann–Beauty and lack of significance—Winckelmann's

contradictions and compromises—A. R. Mengs—G. E. Lessing—

Theorists of ideal Beauty—G. Spalletti and the characteristic—

Beauty and the characteristic: Hirt, Meyer, Goethe

VIII

IMMANUEL KANT

I. Kant—Kant and Vico—Identity of the concept of Art in Kant and

Baumgarten—Kant's “Lectures”—Art in the Critique of Judg.

ment—Imagination in Kant's system—The forms of intuition and

the Transcendental AEsthetic—Theory of Beauty distinguished by

Kant from that of Art—Mystical features in Kant's theory of Beauty

The Critique of Judgment and metaphysical idealism—F. Schiller

—Relations between Schiller and Kant—-The aesthetic sphere as the

sphere of Play—AEsthetic education—Vagueness and lack of pre-

cision in Schiller's AEsthetic—Schiller's caution and the rashness of

the Romanticists—Ideas on Art: J. P. Richter—Romantic AEsthetic

and idealistic AEsthetic—J. G. Fichte—Irony: Schlegel, Tieck,

Novalis—F. Schelling—Beauty and character—Art and Philosophy

—Ideas and the gods: Art and mythology—K. W. Solger—Fancy

and imagination—Art, practice and religion—G. W. F. Hegel—Art

in the sphere of absolute spirit—Beauty as sensible appearance of

the Idea—AEsthetic in metaphysical idealism and Baumgartenism—

Mortality and decay of art in Hegel's system

AEsthetic mysticism in the opponents of idealism—A. Schopenhauer—
Ideas as the object of art—AEsthetic catharsis—Signs of a better

PAGe

257

272

pace

theory in Schopenhauer—J. F. Herbart—Pure Beauty and re-

lations of form—Art as sum of content and form—Herbart and

Kantian thought . - - - - - - - - . 3O4

XI

Fried RICH SCHLeier MACHER

AEsthetic of content and AEsthetic of form : meaning of the contrast—

Friedrich Schleiermacher—Wrong judgements concerning him—

Schleiermacher contrasted with his predecessors—Place assigned to

AEsthetic in his Ethics—AEstheticactivityas immanent and individual

—Artistic truth and intellectual truth—Difference of artistic con-

sciousness from feeling and religion—Dreams and art: inspiration

and deliberation—Art and the typical—Independence of art—Art

and language—Schleiermacher's defects—Schleiermacher's services

to AEsthetic. - - - - - - - - - . 312

XII

THE PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE : HUMBOLDT AND STEINTHAL

Progress of Linguistic—Linguistic speculation at the beginning of the

nineteenth century—Wilhelm von Humboldt : relics of intellectual-

ism—Language as activity: internal form—Language and art in

Humboldt—H. Steinthal: the linguistic function independent of

the logical—Identity of the problems of the origin and the nature

of language—Steinthal's mistaken ideas on art: his failure to unite

Linguistic and AEsthetic . - - - - - - . 324

XIII

MINOR GERMAN AESTHETICIANS

Minor aestheticians in the metaphysical school—Krause, Trahndorff,

Weisse and others—Fried. Theodor Vischer—Other tendencies—

Theory of the Beautiful in nature, and that of the Modifications

of Beauty—Development of the first theory: Herder—Schelling,

Solger, Hegel — Schleiermacher—Alexander von Humboldt—

Vischer’s “AEsthetic Physics”—The theory of the Modifications of

Beauty: from antiquity to the eighteenth century—Kant and the

post-Kantians—Culmination of the development—Double form of

the theory: the overcoming of the ugly: Solger, Weisse and others

—Passage from abstract to concrete : Vischer—The “legend of

Sir Purebeauty”. - - - - - - - - . 334

AESTHETIC IN FRANCE, ENGLAND AND ITALY DURING THE

FIRST HALF Of the nineteenth CENTURY

pacre

AEsthetic movement in France: Cousin, Jouffroy—English AEsthetic—

Italian AEsthetic–Rosmini and Gioberti—Italian Romantics.

Dependence of art - - - - - - - - • 35o

XV

FRANCESCO DE SANCTIS

F. de Sanctis: development of his thought—Influence of Hegelism

—Unconscious criticism of Hegelism — Criticisms of German

AEsthetic—Final rebellion against metaphysical AFsthetic—De

Sanctis' own theory—The concept of form—De Sanctis as art-critic

—De Sanctis as philosopher - - - - - - . 358

XVI

AESTHETIC OF THE EPIGONI

Revival of Herbartian AEsthetic—Robert Zimmermann–Vischer versus

Zimmermann–Hermann Lotze—Efforts to reconcile AEsthetic of

form and AEsthetic of content—K. Köstlin—AEsthetic of content.

M. Schasler—Eduard von Hartmann–Hartmann and the theory

of modifications—Metaphysical AEsthetic in France: C. Levèque

—In England : J. Ruskin—AEsthetic in Italy—Antonio Tari and

his lectures—AEsthesigraphy - - - - - - . 370

XVII

AESTHETIC POSITIVISM AND NATURALISM

Positivism and evolutionism—AEsthetic of H. Spencer—Physiologists

of AEsthetic: Grant Allen, Helmholtz and others—Method of the

natural sciences in AEsthetic—H. Taine's AEsthetic—Taine's meta-

physic and moralism—G. T. Fechner: inductive AEsthetic—Ex-

periments—Trivial nature of his ideas on Beauty and Art—Ernst

Grosse : speculative AEsthetic and the Science of Art—Sociological

AEsthetic—Proudhon—J. M. Guyau–M. Nordau—Naturalism: C.

Lombroso—Decline of linguistic—Signs of revival: H. Paul—The

linguistic of Wundt . - - - - - - - . 388

XVIII

AESTHETIC PSYCHOLOGISM AND OTHER RECENT TENDENCIES

PAGE

Neo-criticism and empiricism—Kirchmann–Metaphysic translated into

Psychology: Vischer—Siebeck—M. Diez–Psychological tendency.

Teodor Lipps—K. Groos—The modifications of the Beautiful in

Groos and Lipps—E. Véron and the double form of AEsthetic—

L. Tolstoy—F. Nietzsche—An aesthetician of Music: E. Hanslick

—Hanslick's concept of form—AEstheticians of the figurative arts:

C. Fiedler—Intuition and expression—Narrow limits of these

theories—H. Bergson—Attempts to return to Baumgarten : C.

Hermann–Eclecticism : B. Bosanquet—AEsthetic of expression :

present state - - - - - - - - - . 4O4

XIX

Historical SKETCHEs of some PARTICULAR DocTRINES

Result of the history of AEsthetic—History of science and history of the

scientific criticism of particular errors . 42O

I. RHETORIC : OR THE THEORY OF ORNATE FORM

Rhetoric in the ancient sense—Criticism from moral point of view—

Accumulation without system—Its fortunes in the Middle Ages

and Renaissance—Criticisms by Vives, Ramus and Patrizzi—Sur-

vival into modern times—Modern signification of Rhetoric: theory

of literary form—Concept of ornament—Classes of ornament—

The concept of the Fitting—The theory of ornament in the Middle

Ages and Renaissance—Reductio ad absurdum in the seventeenth

century—Polemic concerning the theory of ornament—Du Marsais

and metaphor—Psychological interpretation—Romanticism and

Rhetoric: present day - - - - - - - . 422

II. HISTORY OF ARTISTIC AND LITERARY KINDS

The kinds in antiquity: Aristotle—In the Middle Ages and Renais-

sance—The doctrine of the three unities—Poetics of the kinds and

rules: Scaliger—Lessing—Compromises and extensions—Rebellion

against rules in general—G. Bruno, Guarini–Spanish critics–

G. B. Marino—G. V. Gravina—Fr. Montani–Critics of the

eighteenth century—Romanticism and the “strict kinds”: Berchet,

V. Hugo—Their persistence in philosophical theories—Fr. Schelling

—E. von Hartmann–The kinds in the schools . - - . 436

III. THE THEORY OF THE LIMITS OF THE ARTS

Page

The limits of the arts in Lessing—Arts of space and arts of time—Limits

and classifications of the arts in later philosophy: Herder and Kant

—Schelling, Solger—Schopenhauer, Herbart–Weisse, Zeising,

Vischer—M. Schasler—E. v. Hartmann–The supreme art :

Richard Wagner—Lotze's attack on classifications—Contradictions

in Lotze—Doubts in Schleiermacher . - - - - . 449

IV. OTHER PARTICULAR DOCTRINES

The AEsthetic theory of natural beauty—The theory of aesthetic senses—

The theory of kinds of style—The theory of grammatical forms or

parts of speech—Theory of aesthetic criticism—Distinction between

taste and genius–Concept of artistic and literary history—Conclusion 459

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX - - - - - . 475

INDEX . - - - - - - - - - - . 49 I