PAGE

the useful from the egoistic - Economic will and moral will

Pure economicity—The economic side of morality—The merely

economical and the error of the morally indifferent-Criticism of

utilitarianism and the reform of Ethics and of Economics-Pheno-

menon and noumenon in practical activity .

55

VIII

EXCLUSION OF OTHER SPIRITUAL FORMS

The system of the spirit—The forms of genius—Non-existence of a fifth

form of activity - Law; sociability - Religion - Metaphysic -

Mental imagination and the intuitive intellect—Mystical Æsthetic

- Mortality and immortality of art

61

IX

INDIVISIBILITY OF EXPRESSION INTO MODES OR DEGREES

AND CRITICISM OF RHETORIC

The characters of art—Non-existence of modes of expression-Im-

possibility of translations-Criticism of the rhetorical categories,

Empirical sense of the rhetorical categories—Their use as syno-

nyms of the ästhetic fact-Their use to indicate various æsthetic

imperfections—Their use in a sense transcending æsthetic, in

the service of science-Rhetoric in the schools—The resemblances

of expressions—The relative possibility of translations .

67

X

ÆSTHETIC FEELINGS AND THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN

THE BEAUTIFUL AND THE UGLY

Various significations of the word feeling-Feeling as activity-Identifi.

cation of feeling with economic activity-Criticism of hedonism-

Feeling as a concomitant of every form of activity–Meaning of cer-

tain ordinary distinctions of feelings—Value and disvalue : the con-

traries and their union—The beautiful as the value of expression,

or expression without qualification—The ugly, and the elements

of beauty which compose it-Illusion that there exist expressions

neither beautiful nor ugly–True æsthetic feelings and concomi-

tant and accidental feelings-Criticism of apparent feelings

74

XI

CRITICISM OF ÆSTHETIC HEDONISM

PAGE

Criticism of the beautiful as that which pleases the higher senses-Criti-

cism of the theory of play-Criticism of the theory of sexuality and

of triumph-Criticism of the Æsthetic of the sympathetic : meaning

in it of content and form-Æsthetic hedonism and moralism-

The rigoristic negation, and the pedagogic justification of art-

Criticism of pure beauty

82

XII

THE ÆSTHETIC OF THE SYMPATHETIC AND PSEUDO-ÆSTHETIC

CONCEPTS

Pseudo-ästhetic concepts, and the Æsthetic of the sympathetic-Criti.

cism of the theory of the ugly in art and of the overcoming of it

- Pseudo-æsthetic concepts belong to Psychology-Impossibility

of rigorous definitions of them-Examples: definitions of the

sublime, of the comic, of the humorous—Relation between these

concepts and ästhetic concepts

87

Æsthetic activity and physical concepts—Expression in the aesthetic

sense, and expression in the naturalistic sense-Representations

and memory-The production of aids to memory-Physical

beauty-Content and form : another meaning-Natural beauty

and artificial beauty-Mixed beauty-Writings-Free and non-free

beauty-Criticism of non-free beauty-Stimulants of production .

94

XIV

ERRORS ARISING FROM THE CONFUSION BETWEEN

PHYSICS AND ÆSTHETIC

Criticism of æsthetic associationism-Criticism of æsthetic Physics-

Criticism of the theory of the beauty of the human body-Criticism
of the beauty of geometrical figures-Criticism of another aspect

PAGE

of the imitation of nature-Criticism of the theory of the elementary

forms of the beautiful-Criticism of the search for the objective

conditions of the beautiful—The astrology of Æsthetic .

104

XV

THE ACTIVITY OF EXTERNALIZATION. TECHNIQUE

AND THE THEORY OF THE ARTS

The practical activity of externalization—The technique of external-

ization - Technical theories of the different arts - Criticism of
æsthetic theories of particular arts-Criticism of the classification of
the arts—Criticism of the theory of the union of the arts-Relation
of the activity of externalization to utility and morality.

III

XVI

TASTE AND THE REPRODUCTION OF ART

Æsthetic judgement: its identity with ästhetic reproduction - Im-

possibility of divergences—Identity of taste and genius-Analogy

with other activities-Criticism of ästhetic absolutism (intellectual-

ism) and relativism-Criticism of relative relativism-Objection

founded on the variation of the stimulus and of psychic dis-

position-Criticism of the distinction of signs into natural and con-

ventional—The surmounting of variety-Restorations and historical

interpretation

118

XVII

THE HISTORY OF LITERATURE AND OF ART

Historical criticism in literature and art : its importance— Literary and

artistic history : its distinction from historical criticism and from

the æsthetic judgement—The method of artistic and literary history

-Criticism of the problem of the origin of art—The criterion of

progress and history-Non-existence of a single line of progress in

artistic and literary history—Errors committed against this law-

Other meanings of the word "progress” in relation to Æsthetic .

128

XVIII

CONCLUSION: IDENTITY OF LINGUISTIC AND ÆSTHETIC

Summary of the study—Identity of Linguistic with Æsthetic-Æsthetic

formulation of linguistic problems—Nature of language-Origin

PAGE

of language and its development—Relation between Grammar and

Logic-Grammatical kinds or parts of speech—The individuality

of speech and the classification of languages-Impossibility of a

normative Grammar-Didactic organisms- Elementary linguistic

facts, or roots—Æsthetic judgement and the model language

-Conclusion

140

II

HISTORY OF ÆSTHETIC

I

ÆSTHETIC IDEAS IN GRÆCO-ROMAN ANTIQUITY

Point of view of this History of Æsthetic-Mistaken tendencies, and

attempts towards an Æsthetic, in Græco-Roman antiquity-Origin

of the æsthetic problem in Greece--Plato's rigoristic negation

– Æsthetic hedonism and moralism Mystical æsthetic in

antiquity - Investigations as to the Beautiful— Distinction be-

tween the theory of Art and the theory of the Beautiful-Fusion

of the two by Plotinus—The scientific tendency: Aristotle, The

concepts of imitation and of imagination after Aristotle : Philos-

tratus-Speculations on language

155

II

ÆSTHETIC IDEAS IN THE MIDDLE AGES AND RENAISSANCE

Middle Ages. Mysticism: Ideas on the Beautiful—The pedagogic theory

of art in the Middle Ages—Hints of an Æsthetic in scholastic philo-

sophy-Renaissance : Philography and philosophical and empirical

inquiries concerning the Beautiful—The pedagogic theory of art

and the Poetics of Aristotle-The “Poetics of the Renaissance".

Dispute concerning the universal and the probable in art—G.

Fracastoro – L. Castelvetro — Piccolomini and Pinciano — Fr.

Patrizzi (Patricius)

175

III

FERMENTS OF THOUGHT IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

New words and new observations in the seventeenth century-Wit-

Taste-Various meanings of the word taste--Fancy or imagination

PAGE

-- Feeling—Tendency to unite these terms—Difficulties and contra-

dictions in their definition-Wit and intellect-Taste and in-

tellectual judgement—The "je ne sais quoi”—Imagination and

sensationalism : the corrective of imagination-Feeling and sen-

sationalism.

189

IV

ÆSTHETIC IDEAS OF THE CARTESIAN AND LEIBNITIAN SCHOOLS,

AND THE “ÆSTHETIC” OF BAUMGARTEN

Cartesianism and imagination-Crousaz and André-The English :

Locke, Shaftesbury, Hutcheson and the Scottish School-Leibniz :

" petites perceptions” and confused knowledge—Intellectualism of

Leibniz-Speculations on language-J. C. Wolff-Demand for

an organon of inferior knowledge-Alexander Baumgarten : his

“ Æsthetic”-Æsthetic as science of sensory consciousness—Criti-

cism of judgements passed on Baumgarten — Intellectualism of

Baumgarten-New names and old meanings

204

V

GIAMBATTISTA VICO

Vico as inventor of aesthetic science-Poetry and philosophy : imagina-

tion and intellect—Poetry and history-Poetry and language-

Inductive and formalistic logic — Vico opposed to all former

theories of poetry–Vico's judgements of the grammarians and

linguists who preceded him— Influence of seventeenth-century

writers on Vico—Æsthetic in the Scienza Nuova—Vico's mistakes

- Progress still to be achieved

220

VI

MINOR ÆSTHETIC DOCTRINES OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

The influence of Vico-Italian writers : A. Conti --Quadrio and Zanotti

- M. Cesarotti — Bettinelli and Pagano — German disciples of

Baumgarten : G. F. Meier-Confusions of Meier-M. Mendelssohn

and other followers of Baumgarten-Vogue of Æsthetic-Eberhard

and Eschenburg-J. G. Sulzer-K. H. Heydenreich-J. G. Herder

- Philosophy of language

235