by new rules of jurisdiction and a lower scale of fees. The orders of the Protector in Council were arbitrary, but were universally acknowledged to be of benefit to the nation.

priated to the Protector's use. The royal parks, also, at
Hampton Court, Windsor, and Bushy, and the palaces
of St. James's and Whitehall were ordered to be repur-
chased for his residence, and they were to be "furnished
according to instructions from her highness the Lady
Cromwell." Some thirty persons, who were for the most
part pensioners or old servants of the late king, had
lodgings in Whitehall and the Mews, and their summary
removal brought in a host of petitions to the Council
and made the new government unpopular. The peace
with Holland is the first public event recorded in
this Calendar, and May 23 was set apart as a day of
public thanksgiving to celebrate it. But it was a "peace
with honour," for it was insisted on as an indispensable
condition of the treaty that Dutch captains should lower
the flag and topsails whenever they came within shot of
an English man-of-war. This submission was resented
by the Dutch as an affront, and was seldom yielded
without compulsion; but Cromwell's captains stood no
nonsense, and opened fire on every vessel which kept the
flag aloft. Their reports to the Admiralty are full of
triumphant vindications of the honour of the British
flag. We have also the testimony of Sir Edward Nicholas,
who was then Secretary of State to Charles II., that
"Cromwell keeps all the neighbouring Princes in awe of
him by his fleet in the Downs," which he kept afloat
at an enormous expense. A new Parliament was ordered
to meet at Westminster on Sept. 3, 1654, and writs for
the elections were issued to the sheriffs on June 7. All
persons who had acted against Parliament since 1641
were disqualified from sitting in Parliament and voting
at the elections; but notwithstanding this precaution
many disaffected persons were returned in the western
counties and in Wales, where the royalist party was
strong. On the other hand, Sir Richard Temple, Bart.,
was chosen one of the knights of the shire for Warwick-D.C.L. from Oxford.
shire, although he was under age, on the sheriff's
assurance that he had the Protector's dispensation;
whilst two gentlemen of Bedfordshire declared that they weeks, for the recess, from the 29th inst.
had been prevented from voting for Sir William Butler
by the statement that the Protector did not wish him to
be elected for the county, and had sent down an order
about it. Two days before Parliament met, seven Scotch
peers and twenty-six gentlemen, imprisoned for treason
at the Tower or St. James's, were set free on security
not to act against the Commonwealth; but they were
banished from England, and were not to return without
leave. Sir William Davenant, the poet, was released a
few days before, but the Earls of Worcester and Cleve-
land remained in confinement at the Tower. The
vigilance of the Government was justified by the dis-
covery, in the spring of this year, of a new plot to murder
the Protector and proclaim Charles Stuart king. The
chief conspirators, Gerard, Vowell, and Fox, were tried
in June by a commission presided over by John Lisle,
one of the Lords Commissioners of the Great Seal, but
Judge Atkins refused to sit on the commission, because
he had sworn to observe the laws of England, and by law
no man could be tried for his life except by a jury. This
argument, however, did not help the prisoners, and the
court unanimously signed the warrant for their execution.
This year was marked by some administrative reforms
of great importance. Every department of state had a
separate treasury, and the multiplicity of treasuries was
not only a fruitful source of expense, but offered oppor-
tunities for roguery. It was discovered that the public
had been defrauded by forged warrants to the value of
230,000l., and an ordinance was drawn up for the pay-
ment of all public moneys in future into the Treasury at
Westminster. Acts also were passed for the improve-
ment of the Post Office and the regulations of Customs
and Excise, whilst the Court of Chancery was reformed

By the death of Dr. John Hill Burton, which we
merely recorded last week, Scotland has lost one of its
most distinguished antiquaries, and a most remarkable
man of letters. A native of Aberdeen, Dr. Burton was
born in 1809. In 1831 he passed as an advocate at the
Scottish bar; but his attention was mainly taken up
with literature. He was a contributor to the later
volumes and to the supplement of the Penny Cyclo-
pædia-chiefly on subjects connected with Scottish law.
He also wrote a Manual of the Law of Scotland, a Trea-
tise on Bankruptcy Law, Narratives from Criminal
Trials in Scotland, and contributed the law articles to
Waterton's Cyclopædia of Commerce. Dr. Burton assisted
Sir John Bowring in preparing the collected Works of
Jeremy Bentham, and he also wrote the Introduction to
the Study of Bentham's Works, and the lives of Simon
Lord Lovat and of Duncan Forbes of Culloden.
1853 he brought out his History of Scotland from the
Revolution of 1688 to the Extinction of the Jacobite In-
surrection, and between 1867 and 1870 he published an
elaborate History of Scotland from Agricola's Invasion
to the Revolution of 1688. The publication of this work
led to the appointment of Dr. Burton to the post of
Historiographer Royal of Scotland, an old office in the
Queen's Scottish household. Among Dr. Burton's other
works may be mentioned his History of the Reign of
Queen Anne, The Scot Abroad, and The Book-hunter.
He was a Fellow of the Royal, the Antiquarian, and the
Geological Societies, and had received the degree of
LL.D. from the University of Aberdeen, and that of

In

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G. S. B.-The biretta is the square cap worn by clerics over the zucchetto.

A CORRESPONDENT asks by whom are the poems The Curfew and The Captive, and where they may be obtained. A FOREIGNER.-Mr. G. R. Sims's poems may be had at the office of the Weekly Dispatch, Wine Office Court, Fleet Street, E.C.

HARRY HEMS ("An English Font in a Transatlantic Church ").-See "N. & Q.," 5th S. viii. 65.

C. T. ("Pins and Needles").-C. B. S., ante, p. 75, merely quotes Coleridge's Table-Talk.

J. W. (Derby Club).-Both ways are correct.

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