which, by virtue of the Lex Hortensia, of 287 B.C., had full statutory validity. The tendency at this period was to refer to the plebeian assembly many matters of administration and foreign policy which in the best days of the republic had been left in the hands of the senate. Famous instances of this practice are the Lex Manilia, the Lex Gabinia and the Lex Vatinia.

24. extraordinarii imperii: it was exceptional, though not unprecedented, to grant proconsular or propraetorian imperium to one who had been neither consul nor praetor. One readily recalls such instances as that of Scipio in the second Punic war and Pompey in the war against the Marian party, who were appointed to command armies without having held an office which involved imperium.

25. regem . . . expulerant: it was expected that the officer who restored Ptolemy to his throne and protected him against his disaffected subjects by armed force would reap a very rich reward.

26. res: the action of the Alexandrians.

Nec nec tamen; Introd. II. § 6. j.

:

vulgo by the Romans.

29. tropaea: though the word is Greek, these trophies were not, like the Greek ones, erected on the battle field, but were set or hung up on the Capitol. de Iugurtha: the Numidian king brought captive to Rome in 106 B.C. deque Cimbris atque Teutonis: referring to the great victories of Aquae Sextiae, 102 B.C., and Vercellae, 100 B.C. Note the favorite trick of attaching the -que to a preposition; Introd. II. § 6. k; de Iugurtha, deque Cimbris, etc., form abbreviated attributives to tropaea; Introd. II. § 5. i. (2); cf. page 18, line 19, laus de tam inbelli genere.

30. a Sulla disiecta: on Sulla's return from Asia in 83 B.C., which was followed by the downfall of the Marian party. in exercenda. . . quaestione: this implies that Caesar had been made iudex quaestionis, i.e. president of one of the nine permanent criminal courts (quaestiones perpetuae), established under the laws of Sulla, viz.: De Repetundis, Maiestatis, De Sicariis et Veneficis, De Parricidio, Peculatus, Ambitus, De Nummis Adulterinis, De Falsis or Testamentaria, De Vi Publica. There being two praetors for civil jurisdiction, the other six had these courts assigned to them; it was necessary either to give more than one quaestio to a praetor, or else to appoint presidents (iudices quaestionis) for three of the courts. Caesar was an ex-aedile at this time.

31. numero habuit: i.e. he treated as', etc.

32. proscriptione: ablative of time. relata... capita: this may perhaps be taken in a literal sense; the slayers of proscribed persons often brought their victims' heads as proof of their claim to the reward offered.

Page 6. 2. Cornelis legibus: but one law is meant, that by which the proscription was authorized. By this lex Cornelia the proscribed were outlawed and killing them was legalized.

Chapter 12. The Prosecution of Rabirius, 63 B.C.

3. Subornavit: sc. T. Attium Labienum, then tribune of the plebs, and afterward the noted legatus of Caesar in Gaul. His uncle, Q. Labienus, had been a partisan of Saturninus, and it was under the pretext of avenging him that the nephew prosecuted Rabirius for perduellio. This was in 63 B.C. Gaio Rabirio: he was defended by Hortensius and by Cicero, then consul, whose speech is still extant. Thirty-seven years before he had been one of the crowd involved in the killing of Saturninus after the latter had been declared an outlaw by the Senate, 100 B.C. perduellionis: this prosecution was a revival of an antiquated procedure. The offense was treason or war against the state, manifested by slaying one of the citizens. One recalls the case of Horatius (Liv. I. 26), where the procedure is described; cf. also the case of M. Manlius (Liv. VI. 20. 12). See Warde Fowler, in Classical Review, XXX, page 68. diem diceret: impeached, indicted, formally accused; Introd. II. § 1. c.

6. sorte iudex. . . ductus: it is said by Dio (XXXVII. 26, 27) that Gaius and Lucius Caesar were appointed duumviri perduellionis by the praetor presiding at the trial. P. Metellus Celer, praetor and augur at the time, saved the life of Rabirius by lowering the flag on the Janiculan Hill. This in primitive times signified the approach of the Etruscans. The assembly at once adjourned and the proceeding was not resumed. The object of it was to intimidate the optimates, and that' object had been sufficiently attained.

Chapter 13. Election as Pontifex Maximus, 63 B.C.

9. Deposita provinciae spe: this must refer to his plan in regard to Egypt described in chap. 2. pontificatum maximum: Caesar's election was on March 6, 63 B.C. His competitors were Q. Catulus and P. Servilius Isauricus, men of mature age and high standing, supported by all the influence the optimates could bring to bear. The pontifex maximus was elected by 17 of the 35 tribes, chosen by lot for the occasion.

10. non sine: cf. note to page 2, line 5.

11. aeris alieni: on Caesar's enormous debts see chap. 18, and notes. 12. matri: his mother Aurelia was evidently a woman of much force and nobility of character.

Chapter 14. Praetor Elect, 63 B.C.

17. Praetor creatus elected at the comitia of 63, to serve for the year 62 B.C. He was therefore praetor designatus at the time of the detection of Catiline's conspiracy.

19. municipatim: rather an odd adverb, formed from the noun municipium; Suetonius is fond of adverbs in -tim, -atim. See Introd. II. § 1. f. The municipia were free towns, whose status varied, but in general it may be said that originally their citizens (municipes) were Roman cives sine suffragio, i.e. they had the rights of Roman private law as to property, wills, marriages, etc., but not the rights of public law, the right of voting in the Roman comitia and the right of being elected to a Roman magistracy.

24. interpretatione lenire: to put a milder construction upon. 25. velut . . . exceptam: Introd. II. § 6. m. gravius atque : atque for quam with a comparative is noteworthy; Introd. II. § 6. c. Obtinuisset no object is expressed but it is involved in the thought of the first sentence of the chapter. Translate he would have prevailed. 26. adeo in fact. Cicerone: Quintus Cicero, who afterward

:

served as Caesar's legate in Gaul.

:

29. quoad: until, in this sense takes the indicative in Suetonius, or the subjunctive by attraction.

30. inmoderatius: this "absolute" use of the comparative is very common in Suetonius; it is often combined with paulo or aliquanto. 32. sedentem . . . deseruerint: this is like the experience of Catiline when denounced by Cicero (Cat. I. 7).

Page 7. 2. in: Introd. II. § 5. k. (1). (b). reliquum anni tempus: i.e. from the Nones (5th) of December, when the debate upon the fate of the conspirators occurred. But Plutarch says that he did come into the Senate after a time.

Chapter 15. Praetor, 62 B.C.

Quintum (Lutatium)

4. Primo praeturae die: January 1. Catulum: the son of Marius's colleague, the conqueror of the Cimbri. He had just been defeated by Caesar in the election for pontifex Maxi

conspirators.

mus, and tried to get Caesar's name included in the list of Catilinarian Hence Caesar had a grudge against him. He was consul in 78 B.C. de refectione Capitoli: the Capitol, i.e. the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, "Optimus Maximus", had been burned in 83 B.C. in the civil wars. Catulus had been commissioner for the rebuilding of it since Sulla's death. Caesar's attempt failing, Catulus's name was associated with the restored Capitol, which remained until it was again burned in the war between Vespasian and Vitellius, 69 A.D.: Lutatii Catuli nomen inter tanta Caesarum opera usque ad Vitellium mansit (Tac., Hist. III. 72).

6. curationem eam: refers to refectione, above; illam would perhaps be more normal. At page 68, line 13, honorem eum refers to consulatus, two lines above it. in alium: viz. to Pompey.

conative.

7. conspirationi: combination, united opposition.

transferebat:

8. novorum consulum: D. Junius Silanus and L. Licinius Murena. officio: := salutatione, "paying one's respects ('duty ')". This was the ceremonious visit of congratulation to the new consuls on the day of their inauguration; see page 61, line 21 and note; or else it means the escorting of the new consuls in procession to the Capitol, to offer the inaugural sacrifice to Jupiter Capitolinus.

11. Caecilio Metello (Nepoti): Cicero's enemy, who prevented his speech to the people on laying down his consulship. He brought forward a bill to recall Pompey with his army from the East, to protect the citizens. In the excitement caused thereby he was deposed by the Senate and fled to Pompey. Caesar, probably insincerely, supported the proposal in order to flatter Pompey and worry the optimates.

12. collegarum intercessionem: Metellus was opposed especially by C. Cato, one of the tribunes.

14. donec . . . submoverentur : late in the history of the Republic, the Senate by a strain of its powers claimed the right of suspending a magistrate and even a tribune from his office.

16. ut as soon as; Suetonius does not use ubi primum and cum primum in this sense. vi ac per arma: instead of the familiar vi et

armis; Introd. II. § 5. n. (3).

17. lictoribus: a praetor was attended by two lictors in the city, by six in the provinces.

18. praetexta: sc. toga; the purple stripe on the toga was the badge of curule office.

19. biduo post on the next day; see J. C. Rolfe in Class. Philol. VIII (1913); cf. page 22, line 17; page 51, line 11.

21. praeter opinionem: the Senate was agreeably surprised at Caesar's moderation.

22. festinato: adverb; post-Augustan.

25. inducto: this word is used because writing was erased by drawing the flat end of the stilus over the line and thus smoothing the wax surface of the tablet.

27. Novium Nigrum: probably a quaesitor or iudex quaestionis, i.e. chairman of a special commission appointed by the Senate to try the cases of persons suspected of complicity with Catiline; cf. note to page 5, line 30. 28. Vettio: he seems to have been a disreputable person; he appears again in 59 B.C., disclosing an alleged conspiracy against the life of Pompey; cf. page 10, lines 11-17. Curio this Curius had himself been one of the conspirators and had turned informer; see Sall., Cat. XVII, XXIII and XXVI.

31. eius: sc. Caesaris.

Page 8. 2. ultro... detulisse: Caesar had protected himself by giving information to Cicero before the conspiracy became generally known.

3. ne... darentur effecit: both purpose and result clauses are used as objects of efficere, the latter much oftener than the former, apparently.

4. pignoribus captis: for disrespect to authority, especially that of the higher magistrates, imprisonment and seizure of goods were regular penalties; cf. Plut., Cato Minor, XXXVII; Liv., III. 38. 12; Cic., de Or. III. 1. Pignoris capio is included in the ius coercendi, a part of the imperium of a magistrate. direpta suppellectile: doubtless by a mob, for Caesar was a popular favorite. It is to be feared that he was something of a demagogue at this period.

6. compellari: a magistrate possessing imperium could not be arraigned or tried during his term of office, especially not by an inferior magistrate.

7. maiorem potestatem: a higher magistrate; abstract for concrete.