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10. domesticatim: seemingly ära eipnμévov; Introd. II. § 1. a and f; domesticatim evidently means in his own house. sicubi : if ever = whenever; iterative. infestis spectatoribus: with the enmity of the audience; i.e. whenever the spectators turned their thumbs so as to demand the death of the gladiators in question; the gesture was called vertere pollicem, but whether the thumb was turned up or down is uncertain; the reverse sign was premere pollicem; cf. Plin., N. H. XXVIII. 2. 5. 25.

12. ludo.. lanistas: a (gladiatorial) school

trainers.

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(professional)

17. stipendium: Caesar raised the soldier's pay to 10 asses a day for an account of the value of the as and of the pay of legionary soldiers see Furneaux, note on Tac., Ann. I. 17. 8.

18. quotiens copia esset: quotiens, the most usual iterative conjunction, is used some 30 times by Suetonius with the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive. But page 97, line 1, quotiens . . . scribit.

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19. mancipia: prisoners of war, as slaves; an instance is mentioned in Caes., B. G. VII. 89. e praeda: this emendation of et praedia or prandia seems to be confirmed by the phrase in Caes., B. G. VII. 89: ex reliquis captivis toti exercitui capita singula praedae nomine distribuit.

Chapter 27. Arrangements with Pompey and Other Politicians

22. Octaviam : her kinship to Caesar is shown by this diagram : (Caesar's sister) Julia m. Atius Balbus

Caesar

Atia m. C. Octavius

(Augustus's sister) Octavia m. C. Marcellus

cos 50 B.C., died 41 B.C. m. M. Antonius

41-40 B.C.

Pompey declined the offer of Octavia's hand, and married in 52 B.C. Cornelia, daughter of Metellus Scipio, and widow of young P. Crassus, who was killed at Carrhae, 53 B.C.

23. condicionem: as a match = sponsam; Introd. II. § 2. a; cf. page 82, line 16.

24. eius: sc. Pompeii. Fausto. destinatam: see note to page 10, line 20. Faustus was the son of Sulla, the dictator.

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25. circa eum: his entourage': Introd. II. § 5. ƒ. (2). 26. gratuito: if an adjective with faenore, this makes a selfcontradiction, or at least a very harsh zeugma, i.e. faenore = pecunia, or the like. It may be the adverbial use of gratuito, which is common enough. Carrying on a successful war, Caesar had now money enough to lend, and thus put many politicians under obligation to himself. Cf. page 70, line 18. ex reliquo quoque : from every other.

27. sponte ad se commeantis: Cicero pays an eloquent tribute to Caesar's support of humble friends in his speech, Pro Rabirio Postumo, 15, 16.

28. congiario: cf. page 70, line 22; Claud. 21. 1, Congiaria populo saepius distribuit. A congius was a liquid measure of about 3 quarts. Congiarium as a donation was at first a gift of oil, salt, or wine, etc.; later it was used also for a largess of money to the populace or the soldiers. servulosque : diminutive perhaps in the sense of favorite slaves'.

29. prout: always followed, in Suetonius, by the subjunctive. qui: qui M1; quis M2 X1T; quivis G; = quis in meaning.

31. unicum: this adjective, of course, admits no comparison.

Chapter 28. Attempts to recall Caesar

Page 14. 5. citra: = sine, as often in Silver Latin; Introd. II. § 5. g. (2). Cf. ultra, line 23 and note.

6. super: adverb, besides; Introd. II. § 5. r. (3).

10. Marcus Claudius Marcellus: two brothers and a cousin named Marcellus were consuls in 51 and 49, and in 50 B.C., respectively. This one was the consul of 51 B.C., who proposed but failed to carry a decree that Caesar should be required to give up his army and provinces on November 13th, 50 B.C., though his second quinquennium (lex Trebonia) did not expire till the end of 49 B.C. He did, however, succeed in getting a Senatus consultum passed, which deprived Caesar of two of his legions, under pretext of using them in the Parthian war.

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11. de summa . . re publica: of the greatest political importance. rettulit: note the construction with an ut-clause and a ne-clause as objects; Introd. II. § 8. l.

14. ne... ratio

haberetur: that he should not be permitted, while absent, to be a candidate; lit. 'that account should not be taken

of him, etc.

15. nec: = ne

quidem; cf. nec Tiberio parcit, page 95, line 24.

plebi scito: Pompey when sole consul in 52 B.C. had allowed some of the tribunes to carry a law permitting Caesar to be a candidate while still absent from Rome. Apparently abrogare was used transitively in the classical period. abrogasset: had annulled; most editions read obrogasset. The law as passed did not contain the clause excepting Caesar from the general requirement that all candidates must be present at the time of the canvass. But it had been intended to except Caesar; therefore Pompey, after the law had been passed, inscribed on a bronze tablet, and deposited in the aerarium, went and made the alteration, inserting the clause in Caesar's favor. Marcellus held that he had no right to do so, and that the law, without the exception, was still in force. His opinion was apparently correct.

16. capite clause or chapter. For the absence of a preposition see Introd. II. § 4. r.

17. petitione: candidacy, canvass; Introd. II. § 4. u.

18. mox: =

tum, deinde; cf. page 35, line 31; page 46, line 12; page 49, line 24; page 72, line 11.

contentus

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eripere:

ut

19. aerarium: the treasury, in the temple of Saturn in the Forum. 20. Marcellus: the consul of 51 B.C. cf. page 25, line 10; Introd. II. § 9. b. (1). 21. privilegium': i.e. permission to be a candidate in absentia. colonis ... civitas adimeretur: Caesar settled 6000 colonists at Novum Comum (Como); they had Latin rights, i.e. the private rights of Roman citizens, but not their public franchises. Marcellus apparently failed in this attempt, and later full citizenship was conferred on the colony. Pliny the Elder and Pliny the Younger were citizens of Como. 23. quod . . . data esset: the reason alleged by Marcellus. per ambitionem: in order to make himself popular. ultra : = sine; Introd. II. § 5. g. (2).

Chapter 29. Compromise Proposals

29. intercessores tribunos: appositive as adjective; Introd. II. § 2. d; cf. bos arator, Vesp. 5. 4; serpens draco, Tib. 72. 2; victores exercitus, page 51, line 19.

30. Servium Sulpicium (Rufum): the famous jurist, Cicero's intimate friend. He was not a strong partisan, nor much of a politician, but, upon the whole, favored Caesar, who later made him pro-consul of Achaia. alterum consulem: the colleague, that is, of M. Marcellus, 51 B.C. Insequenti .. anno 50 B.C.

Page 15. 1. Paulum. . . Curionem: they had been counted devoted partisans of Pompey and the Senate, but Caesar bought their support with heavy bribes; Paulus is said to have received 1500 talents; Curio's debts were enormous and he is said to have cost Caesar even more than Paulus. This Curio is the son of the one mentioned in chap. 9.

3. designatos . . . consules: those elected for the next year, 49 B.C., C. Claudius Marcellus and L. Cornelius Lentulus.

4. litteris: cf. Plut., Caes. XXX and XXXI; Dio, XLI. 1.

7. simul atque libuisset: Suetonius does not use simul atque (ac) with the perfect indicative, but has it twice with the future perfect and five times with the pluperfect subjunctive in oblique construction. Düpow, 7.

9. pepigit := = pacisci voluit; his offer was not accepted.

legionibus. Gallia zeugma; Introd. II. § 10. c.

dimissis

12. quoad consul fieret: see note on quoad, page 6, line 29. The time intended was January 1, 48 B.C.

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15. Ravennae: the frontier town on the east side of Caesar's province, as Luca was on the west side. The boundary of Cisalpine Gaul on the east side was the Rubicon river.

16. vindicaturus: purpose; Introd. II. § 9. a. (1). tribunis intercedentibus: cf. page 16, line 11, page 17, line 5, and notes.

26. nec sine iure iurando: litotes; Introd. II. § 10. k. delaturum se nomen eius: that he (Cato) would prosecute him (Caesar); Introd. II. § 1. c.

27. simul ac primum: pleonasm; Introd. II. § 10. e.

28. fore . . . ut . . . diceret for dicturum esse; cf. fore ut : necaretur, for necatum iri, page 41, line 11.

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29. Milonis tried for the murder of Clodius in the presence of Pompey's troops. circumpositis armatis: Introd. II. § 3. a.

30. facit:= reddit; cf. reddidit page 33, line 23; facit, Calig. 8. 1. Asinius Pollio: in his history of the Civil War.

32. eum sc. Caesarem. ad verbum: verbatim, word for word; Introd. II. § 5. b. (8).

Page 16. 6. Cicero

de Officiis: book III. 21. 82.

8. ipse convertit: he (Cicero) translates.

9. nam si violandum, etc.: the quotation is from Euripides's Phoenissae, 524, 525:

εἴπερ γὰρ ἀδικεῖν χρή, τυραννίδος πέρι

κάλλιστον ἀδικεῖν, τἄλλα δ ̓ εὐσεβεῖν χρεών.

Chapter 31. The Crossing of the Rubicon

11. tribunorum: referring in particular to M. Antonius and Q. Cassius, who interposed their veto to the decree that Caesar should disband his army before a certain day; see Caes., B. C. I. 2. cessisse: on January 7; Caes., B. C. I. 5.

13. et

et. et polysyndeton; Introd. II. § 10. g.

14. formam: a plan.

15. erat aedificaturus: at Ravenna ?

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20. ad lucem: towards dawn: Plutarch speaks as if he crossed the Rubicon in the night.

21. cohortis: he had with him his 13th legion, 5000 infantry and 300 cavalry; see Plut., Caes. XXXII; Pomp. LX.

25. ponticulum: diminutive; Introd. II. § 1. e. It is a plausible suggestion that these personal anecdotes are taken from the history of Asinius Pollio, who was with Caesar.

Chapter 32. The Same, continued

27. ostentum tale: it is unusual to put talis after its noun. 28. in proximo: near, very near, adverbial; so in chap. 65. 31. aeneatores: a rare word; Introd. II. § 1. b. prosilivit : the subject is still quidam. It must have been about January 12 that Caesar crossed the Rubicon, for the tribunes had fled from Rome on the night of the 7th, and the news of the capture of Arretium reached Rome on the 17th.

Page 17. 4. Iacta alea est: no doubt we should read esto, as Erasmus suggested, for the est of the MSS.; Plutarch, Pomp. LX, has ȧveppi¿0w kúßos, as Caesar's words, which is undoubtedly a proverb; see H. Peter, N. Jahrb. für Philol. CLV (1897), 853–860; Otto, Sprichwörter, page 12, sub voc. alea; Sihler, in Proc. of Am. Phil. Assn., July, 1901, page ci. More than 30 witty or epigrammatic sayings of Caesar are reported, chiefly in Suetonius and Plutarch. No doubt collections of such

sayings existed, though we have no definite knowledge of them. For one instance see lines 28, 29, below.

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