English. The occasion referred to is very probably when Caesar divided Mauretania between the brothers Bocchus and Bogud, and confirmed them as kings of that country; see Dio, XLI. 42.

21. ut Naso scripsit: notice the form of citation; cf. page 27, line 19; page 38, line 19; page 42, line 23; page 48, line 14; page 88, line 4 ; page 100, line 27. M. Actorius Naso was cited at page 4, line 32. Cleopatram: the famous queen of Egypt, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, born 69 B.C. Caesar was in Egypt after the battle of Pharsalus from October 48 to June 47 B.C. See chap. 35 and notes.

=

cubiculata, Aethiopia:

23. thalamego: a Greek word, rarely found in Latin; 'provided with cabins or staterooms'; Introd. II. § 1. d. between Egypt and Ethiopia lay the border provinces of Dodecaschoenos -running up the Nile from Philae to Hierasycaminos.

24. penetravit : for penetravisset, an unfulfilled apodosis; Introd. II. § 8. b.

26. remisit: it has been even asserted that Cleopatra was at Rome on the fatal Ides of March. The most skeptical question whether she was ever there at all. There seems little reason to doubt that she did visit Rome, though we are not able to fix precise dates for her coming and going. filiumque: sc. Caesarionem, who was put to death by order of Octavianus after the battle of Actium; see page 55, line 25; Dio, LI.

15.

29. M. Antonius . . . adfirmavit: Antony's object was to injure Octavianus, Caesar's testamentary heir; see Dio, XLVII. 31. 5; XLIX. 41. 3; L. 1. 5, and 3. 5; LI. 6. 1.

30. C. Matium: an excellent man and a valued correspondent of Cicero ; a letter from him appears, ad Fam. XI. 28. It is quite unfair to group him with Vedius Pollio, as Tacitus does (Ann. XII. 60. 6). C. Oppium: often Caesar's spokesman to the public. He and Balbus were Caesar's most trusted confidential agents. They had real charge of affairs in Italy while Caesar was in Spain in 45 B.C., though Lepidus nominally occupied the post. See the anecdote in chap. 72, showing Caesar's attachment to Oppius. He was something of an author, also, as well as a man of affairs.

Page 27. 1. librum : followed by the epexegetical infinitive non esse,

etc.

3. Helvius Cinna: for the extraordinary circumstances of his death, see chap. 85. He was killed by a mob who took him for L. Cornelius Cinna, praetor at that time, 44 B.C. Perhaps he should be identified with

the well-known poet, the author of "Zmyrna ", the friend of Catullus. Vergil's Eclogue, IX. 35, fails to show that the poet was still alive in 40 B C., in which case the identification would be untenable. See Philologus, LXVII. 69, and Ribbeck, Römische Dichtung, 12. 356.

4. legem: its object would be to secure an heir to Caesar's power; it would be less odious if proposed in his absence. We may well doubt this story.

5. cum ipse abesset: oblique for the future.

7. flagrasse: sc. Caesarem; this is a figurative use of the word. the infinitive with dubium see Introd. II. § 9. b. (1).

For

8. Curio pater: the orator, who died 53 B.C., father of Curio, Caesar's lieutenant. He wrote a book against Caesar, in the form of a dialogue, in which the interlocutors were the author himself, his son, and C. Vibius Pansa. Cicero's criticism of it is rather severe (Brut. LX. 218).

Chapter 53. Sobriety

10. Vini parcissimum: Introd. II. § 4. a.

11. Marci Catonis: sc. verbum; cf. Vell. Paterc., II. 41, Magno illi Alexandro, sed sobrio neque iracundo simillimus.

13. indifferentem; sc fuisse; = facilem. Cicero defines the word in De Finibus, III. 16. 53.

14. conditum: nimis diu servatum. For the story, cf. Plut., Caes. XVII, whose version is slightly different.

16. appetisse scribat : pleonastic for appeteret or appetierit.

18. Abstinentiam: taking this as the beginning of a new paragraph,

it seems to refer specifically to pecuniary relations.

20. pro consule: an error; he was propraetor in Spain.

:

et

accepit corresponds to et Lusitanorum . . . diripuit; he spared neither friends nor foes.

21. aeris alieni: cf. page 8, lines 8 and 9, and notes.

26. ternisque milibus, etc.: as to the ratio of the values of gold and silver in antiquity, see Harper's Dict. Class. Antiq., page 121, s. v. Argentum. The matter may be explained thus: 1 lb. gold = 10 lbs. silver=1000 denarii = 4000 HS = 16,000 asses*; i.e. 1000 denarii of silver weighed

* It must be remembered that in 217 B.C. the as was reduced to HS or X.

10 lbs. and the value was 16,000 asses, or 4000 HS. This was nominally equivalent to 1 lb. of gold. Caesar cheapened gold to 3000 HS, i.e. to & of the normal price. See Sandys, Companion to Latin Studies, §§ 690, 691. 27. promercale . . . divenderet: offered for sale, sold in the market; Introd. II. § 1. b.

29. furatus: this sounds like a fable. Is it due to a confusion with the breaking open of the aerarium in 49 B.C., after Pompey had fled from Italy?

30. ut qui: Suetonius is fond of ut with relatives; Introd. II. § 8. j. Ptolemaeo: sc. Auletae; see Plut., Caes. XLVIII; Dio, XXXIX. 12. 32. abstulerit: Introd. II. § 7. e. (2). evidentissimis rapinis ac sacrilegis : cf. Caes., B. C. I. 14; Plut., Caes. XXXV; App., B. C. II. 41; Dio, XLI. 17; XLI. 39; XLII. 49; XLIII. 39; Oros., VI. 15. 5; Flor., II. 13. 21 (IV. 2. 21).

Chapter 55. Eloquence

Page 28. 3. Eloquentia: see Quint., X. 1. 114: C. vero Caesar si foro tantum vacasset, non alius ex nostris contra Ciceronem nominaretur; also X. 2. 25; XII. 10. 11 and Tac., Dial. XXI. 10, Concedamus C. Caesari, etc. militarique re: compared with Alexander, Hannibal, Frederick the Great, and Napoleon, Caesar began his military career late; from 23 to 40 he saw no service in the army.

4. accusationem Dolabellae: see chap. 4, and notes. Cf. Plut., Caes. IV.; Tac., Dial. XXXIV. 8, uno et vicensimo anno, etc., and Peterson's and Gudeman's notes.

6. Cicero ad Brutum : Brut. LXXV. 261; the quotation is at first exact, then given only in substance. On this quotation see J. C. Rolfe, T.A.P.A., 1914, Vol. XIV, pages 45, 46.

8. quoque atque etiam: polysyndeton; Introd. II. § 10. g.

10. ad Cornelium Nepotem: Cic., Epist. frag. 113. There were once 2 books of letters to Cornelius Nepos.

15. Strabonis Caesaris : C. Julius L. F. Caesar Strabo Vopiscus, a well-known orator distinguished for his wit, described by Cicero, Brut. XLVIII. 177; Divin. in Q. Caecilium, XIX. 63; cf. Vell. Paterc., II. 9.

16. pro Sardis: T. Albucius, praetor in Sardinia, 105 B.C., was accused in an actio repetundarum by Caesar Strabo in 103 B.C., and condemned. Cn. Pompeius Strabo offered himself as accuser, but was rejected because he had been quaestor under Albucius.

17. divinationem suam: the argument before the trial of Dolabella,

in which Caesar claimed the part of prosecutor; defendants sometimes arranged collusive prosecutions with their friends; the meaning of Divinatio in judicial proceedings is explained by A. Gellius (II. 4). As to this case cf. Asconius Pedianus, ad orationem pro M. Scauro.

20. temere: without (sufficient) reason, upon insufficient evidence. feruntur are alleged to be his. Pro Quinto Metello: sc. Nepoti;

tribune of the plebs in 62 B.C.; cf. chap. 16 and note.

22. actuaris: short-hand writers, sometimes called notarii (nota, 'a sign ').

25. ex persona Caesaris: from the lips of Caesar.

29. duplex fertur: exists in two forms, or versions.

30. priore ... proelio; ablative of time; the reference may be to a battle in the campaign of Ilerda, against Afranius and Petreius in 49 B.C. posteriore: perhaps the battle of Munda, March 17, 45 B.C., Caesar's last battle.

Chapter 56. Authorship

Page 29. 1. commentarios: memoirs, not formal histories. Galbelli: 7 books, the 8th being added by A. Hirtius.

lici

2. civilis. belli Pompeiani: 3 books; many attempts have been made, but without success, to determine the authorship of the histories of the Alexandrian, African, and Spanish wars. See Schanz, Römische Litteraturgeschichte, I. 210-12 (I. M.'s Hdbch., etc.); Philologus, L.

550.

6. in eodem Bruto: Brut. LXXV. 262.

10. parata unde sumerent: material from which they might draw. 12. calamistris: to use the 'curling irons' upon one's style, signifies the use of excessive ornamentation. The word calamister is used in this figurative sense by Tacitus as well as by Cicero.

14. Hirtius: in his preface to the Gallic War, Book 8.

21. Pollio Asinius: cf. last note to chap. 31. There is no doubt that Pollio was somewhat hypercritical; Cicero, Sallust, and Livy, as well as Caesar, fell under his strictures. But few writers had as good opportunities as he to know the facts of the campaigns described by Caesar.

24. consulto: ablative absolute; Introd. II. § 9. a. (4).

26. de Analogia: a stylistic and grammatical work; it was dedicated to Cicero (Brut. LXXII. 253); see Gell., XIX. 8. 3; Fronto (Naber's), page 221.

27. Anticatones: this pamphlet was written as a counter-blast to Cicero's eulogy of Cato after his suicide at Utica, which brought odium on Caesar's party and policy.

28. Iter: probably a descriptive poem, written to beguile the tedium of the journey, which, however, was a very rapid one.

29. in transitu: Introd. II. § 5. k. (2). (a).

30. conventibus peractis: Caesar usually spent each winter (5849 B.C.) in Cisalpine Gaul, and held the assizes (conventus), returning to the army in the spring.

31. sub tempus Mundensis proelii: which was on March 17, 45 B.C. pervenit: Suetonius's use of dum, ' while', is quite

normal.

dum.

32. in Hispaniam: probably the journey at the end of 46 B. C. for the campaign of Munda.

Page 30. 2. primum: if this reading is correct, the meaning is clearly primus. ad paginas, etc.: i.e. the sheets were folded like the memorialis libelli: a small book used for memo

pages of a book.

randa, a journal or diary.

3. non nisi: with ablative absolute; Introd. II. § 6. 7.

4. transversa charta: i.e. across the whole sheet, without division into columns or pages.

6. per notas: in cipher; cf. page 97, line 1.

10. et perinde: and so on in the same way; i.e. E for B, F for C, etc. † aitvero: many conjectures have been proposed for this unintelligible word; if we read a puero et ab adulescentulo, the sentence becomes intelligible.

:

11. Laudes Herculis Oedipus very probably mere school exercises, prepared for his teachers in rhetoric; many such are recorded of the early years of Roman authors and public men.

12. Dicta Collectanea: collections of wise and witty sayings. Other works of Caesar are mentioned, e.g. in Schanz (op. cit.), 258, 259. See note to page 29, line 2. See Cic., ad Fam. IX. 16. 4.

14. admodum: note its position after the adjective.

15. ordinandas bibliothecas delegaverat: Freund calls this a case of enallage.

Chapter 57. Military Genius

18. seu sol seu imber esset: iterative subjunctive; see note to signarent, page 9, line 19.

сит