6

19. incredibili celeritate: cf. Cic., ad Att. VIII. 9. 4; sed hoc répas horribili vigilantia, celeritate, diligentia est; also Pro Marcello, II. 5. 20. expeditus: without heavy baggage, traveling light’. raeda : a Gallic word, meaning a light 4-wheeled carriage, probably with a cover, derived from Gaul, and used for traveling by those who could afford it, drawn by 2 or 4 horses or mules.

21. si flumina morarentur: iterative subjunctive.

23. praevenerit: aoristic perfect subjunctive in a clause of result; the sequence begins with confecit above.

Chapter 58. Caution and Daring

24. dubium: for the indirect question depending on dubium cf. page 62, line 10: dubium eventu meliore an voluntate. incertum metune, etc.; Introd. II. § 3. d.

Also page 8, line 11:

27. nisi... per se... explorasset: one would gather from B. G. IV. 21, that Caesar had this reconnoitering done for him by Volusenus; there seems to be no sufficient evidence that he went in person. Notice the perfect indicative in the apodosis, the pluperfect subjunctive in the protasis.

29. in Germania: sc. in Eburonibus; cf. in Germanorum finibus, page 12, line 23. The Eburones might be called Belgic Gauls. They were virtually exterminated by Caesar in vengeance for their destruction of the 15 cohorts under Sabinus and Cotta.

30. A Brundisio: notice the preposition; cf. ab Rhodo, page 3, line 2, and note.

31. transmisit: as mentioned at page 18, line 1, January 4–5, 48 B.C. 32. cessantibus . . . copiis : Mark Antony did not succeed in crossing the Adriatic with the rest of the army till about the end of March.

Page 31. 1. ipse clam noctu, etc. : Caesar does not tell this story, but it is found in Luc., V. 504-677; Flor., IV. 2. 37 (II. 13. 37); Val. Max., IX. 8. 2; Plut., Caes. XXXVIII; App., B.C. II. 57. 236; Dio, XLI. 46. 3. Perhaps, if it is true, Caesar was a little ashamed of it, as a rash and theatrical performance.

...

3. neque . . . ante detexit . . . quam paene obrutus: notice ante quam with a participle, in a negative sentence, instead of a finite verb. Nine examples are given in Düpow, page 12; cf. Livy, VII. 35.5: non ante viderit quam captum a nobis; Introd. II. § 6. m.

Chapter 59. Disregard of Religion and Superstition

7. aufugisset hostia: cf. Cic., de Divinatione II. 24, 52: Quid ipse Caesar cum a summo haruspice moneretur ne in Africam ante brumam transmitteret, nonne transmisit? Quod ni fecisset, uno in loco omnes adversariorum copiae convenissent. The omen here recorded was a 'dire' one; cf. the story in Livy, XXI. 63. 13.

verso...

8. profectionem non distulit: in December, 47 B.C., Caesar sailed from Lilybaeum for the African campaign. 9. in egressu navis: Introd. II. § 4. d. omine: this shows how the ancients believed an omen could be averted by a ready wit. 10. Ad eludendas, etc.: cf. Plut., Caes. LII; Dio, XLII. 58. 12. despectissimum: superlative of a participle; Introd. II. § 9. a. (6). 13. ad: expressing purpose; Introd. II. § 5. b.(6); cf. page 9, line 28. 14. Salvitoni: the spelling of the name varies in the MSS. and in different authors; see Plin., N. H. VII. 12. (10). 54 and XXXV. 2. (2). 8.

Chapter 60. Aggressiveness in War, tempered by Prudence in Latest Campaigns

16. destinato: cf. ex destinato, Calig. 43. sed: sc. etiam. ex occasione: Introd. II. § 5. j. (2).

17. ab itinere statim: Introd. II. § 5. a. (1). 18. quis : = German man, French on.

22. The missing line is filled Nullum umquam.

out in later MSS.: auferre calamitas posset. 24. exueret: figurative (Freund, p. 29). 25. equos dimittebat: for instance, in the battle with Ariovistus (B. G. I. 25. 1).

Chapter 61. His Remarkable Horse

27. pedibus prope humanis: modern instances of horses with three toes are not unknown to zoologists. They are occasional 'freaks' of nature or monsters'. The peculiar formation occurs oftenest in the fore feet. The story altogether reminds us of similar ones about Alexander's horse Bucephalus; cf. Plin., N. H. VIII. 42.

30. patientem sessoris: Introd. II. § 4. a.

32. Veneris Genetricis: the mythical ancestress of the gens Iulia; her temple was vowed on the field of Pharsalus, erected in the Forum Iulium, and dedicated September 26, 46 B.C.

Chapter 62. Boldness in averting Defeats

Page 32. 2. contortis faucibus: cf. Plut., Caes. LII; App., B. C. II. 95. 400; Val. Max., III. 2. 19. Count the participles in this sentence !

4. cuspide: the staff of the standard had a sharp iron point at the bottom by which it could be set upright in the ground; Liv., XXII. 3. 12, 13.

Chapter 63. Audacity at the Hellespont

6. Non minor . . . indicia fuerint: his courage was no less remarkable, and the instances of it will appear even more striking. J. C. R. Certainly this is a very puzzling sentence. One wonders if the author wrote it thus.

9. L. Cassium partis adversae: genitive of quality attached directly to a proper name; Introd. II. § 4. b ; like Julia Procilla, rarae castitatis, Tac. Agr., 4; cf. Furius Septimus stirpe praetoria, page 19, line 32. The occurrence is mentioned by Dio (XLII. 6. 2 and 3). It was about September 18, 48 B.C.

10. obvium: used without a verb, as an attributive; cf. page 44, line 17, obvium sibi Helvium Cinnam, and page 101, line 12, die proximo obvium sibi Augustum. This Cassius, like the more famous Gaius Cassius, was afterward one of Caesar's assassins.

Chapter 64. Desperate Valor at Alexandria

12. Alexandriae: see notes to chap. 35. As to the anecdote here related, cf. Plut., Caes. XLIX; Oros., VI. 15. 34; and see Voltaire, "Perronisme de l'Histoire" prefaced to his Histoire de Charles XII; "Ne croyez pas un mot de ce conte que vous fait Plutarque. Croyez plutôt César (i.e. the author of the Alexandrian War) qui n'en dit mot dans ses commentaires, et soyez bien sûr, que quand on se jette dans la mer, et qu'on tient des papiers à la main, on les mouille."

14. praecipitantibus: sc. se, or regard the verb as used in the sense of the middle voice'.

Chapter 65. Treatment of his Soldiers

18. a moribus

...

a fortuna probabat: an interesting use of the preposition a, from the point of view of'; Introd. II. § 5. a. (3).

20. cum hostis

esset: iterative subjunctive.

22. ut neque.

denuntiaret, sed. educeret: a sort of char

acteristic or illustrative clause, put in the form of a clause of result after gravissimus; cf. sed ut

redierint, page 34, line 25 and similar

clauses at page 59, line 4; page 91, line 28; page 97, line 10.

26. admonens present used for lack of a perfect active participle; Introd. II. § 9. a. (3).

31. Iubae see the end of chap. 35. His forces were very numerous, aside from exaggeration; cf. App., B. C. II. 96; Caes., B. Afr. I. 4; XIX; XLVIII.

Chapter 67. Flexible but Severe Discipline

Page 33. 9. pro modo: in proportion to the guilt of the offender or the seriousness of the offense.

10. exequebatur: this involves both the looking for the offender and the punishment of the offense; cf. omnia scire non omnia exsequi, Tac., Agr. 19. seditiosorum: those who did not submit to military

discipline.

12. pugnam atque victoriam: hendiadys; Introd. II. § 10. i. 13. officiorum: out-post duty, sentry duty, and other camp duties. 16. commilitones : contrast page 59, lines 7, 8.

17. habebatque: sc. eos; cultos being predicative.

18. politis: decorated, adorned.

19. tenaciores eorum: Introd. II. § 4. a.

20. clade Tituriana: the destruction of the 15 cohorts under Q. Titurius Sabinus and L. Aurunculeius Cotta in 54 B.C., by the Eburones; see chap. 25, end; B. G. V. 24-37. For Tituriana = Titurii see Introd. II. § 3. c.

21. nec ante

quam vindicasset: see note on De qua prius

quam dicam, page 23, line 11.

Chapter 68. Loyalty and Devotion of his Troops

23. reddidit: cf. facit, page 15, line 30, in the sense of reddit.

25. e viatico suo: out of their own pocket, funds; viaticum was originally provision for a journey'.

26. gratuitam: adjective, coördinate with the phrase sine frumento

stipendioque, which is also attributive to operam; cf. tristia et sine corde exta, page 38, line 24; Introd. II. § 10. a.

27. tenuiorum tutelam: the care of the poorer ones.

29. sub condicione: = sub ea condicione; Suetonius uses or omits the preposition, in this phrase, indiscriminately; Introd. II. § 5. q. Other examples of sub condicione si are in Claud. 24. 1, Vit. 6.

31. recusarunt: cf. Val. Max., III. 8. 7.

32. obsiderentur . . . obsiderent: iterative; Introd. II. § 8. h.

Page 34. 1. Dyrrachina munitione: see page 18, line 1, and note. 2. panis ex herba: sc. facti; it was made of chara, a kind of root (Caes., B. C. 3. 48), called by Pliny (N. H. XIX. 8. 41) lapsăna, or cyma silvestris, i.e. charlock, a kind of wild cabbage; cf. Plut., Caes. XXXIX; Polyaenus, VIII. 23, 24. For ex herba as an attributive phrase, equivalent to an adjective, see Introd. II. § 5. t.

8. consolandos: see Caes., B. C. III. 73; App., B. C. II. 63; Polyaenus, VIII. 23, 26.

14. hostilium sagittarum: Introd. II. § 3. c.

centum ac triginta

milia: cf. Caes., B. C. III. 53. Some of the texts of Caesar omit the centum, but the story is good enough either way.

good while to count so many arrows.

It must have taken a

16. Scaevae: his exploit is described in Caes., B. C. III. 53.

17. Acili: cf. Val. Max., III. 2 22.

20. ad := apud; Introd. II. § 5. b. (2).

22. Cynegiri: see Herodotus, VI. 114.

Chapter 69. Treatment of Mutineers

24. Seditionem: mutiny.

25. sed ut . . . redierint: not so far, however, but that they returned, etc.; Introd. II. § 8. m.

29. apud Placentiam: notice the preposition. The occurrence was in 49 B.C. after Caesar's return from Spain; it was not mentioned by Caesar, unless it was in a lost part of his work.

30. missam fecit := exauctoravit; cf. page 58, lines 29-31.

Page 35.

Chapter 70. The Same, continued

1. Decimanos: the 10th legion was always Caesar's favorite in Gaul; cf. e.g. B. G. I. 40. 15; and it was on the right wing at Pharsalus.