quis eum motum regibus nuntiaret, ceteri armati duce Bruto Romam profecti. Ubi eo ventum est, quacunque incedit, armata multitudo pavorem ac tumultum facit. Rursus ubi anteire primores civitatis vident, quicquid sit, haud temere esse rentur. Nec minorem motum animorum Romae tam atrox res facit, quam Collatiae fecerat. Ergo ex omnibus locis urbis in forum curritur. Quo simul ventum est, praeco ad tribunum Celerum,' in quo tum magistratu forte Brutus erat, populum advocavit. Ibi oratio habita nequaquam ejus pectoris ingeniique, quod simulatum ad eam diem fuerat, de vi ac libidine Sex. Tarquinii, de stupro infando Lucretiae et miserabili caede, de orbitate Tricipitini, cui morte filiae causa mortis indignior ac miserabilior esset. Addita superbia ipsius regis, miseriaeque et labores plebis in fossas cloacasque exhauriendas demersae. Romanos homines, victores omnium circa populorum, opifices ac lapicidas pro bellatoribus factos. Indigna Ser. Tullii regis memorata caedes, et invecta corpori patris nefando vehiculo filia; invocatique ultores parentum dii. His atrocioribusque, credo, aliis, quae praesens rerum indignitas haudquaquam relatu scriptoribus facilia subjicit,2 memoratis incensam multitudinem perpulit, ut imperium regi abrogaret, exulesque esse juberet L. Tarquinium cum conjuge ac liberis. Ipse junioribus, qui ultro nomina dabant, lectis armatisque, ad concitandum inde adversus regem exercitum Ardeam in castra est profectus; imperium in urbe Lucretio, praefecto urbis jam ante ab rege instituto, relinquit. Inter hunc tumultum Tullia domo profugit, execrantibus, quacunque incedebat, invocantibusque parentum furias viris mulieribusque.

59. Harum rerum nuntiis in castra perlatis, cum re nova trepidus rex pergeret Romam ad comprimendos motus, flexit

1 In i. 15, the Celeres were named as the body-guard of Romulus, 300 men strong. Probably, however, this word, in the annals followed by Livy, was used for Roman knights generally, so that the tribunus Celerum bore the same relation to the king as in later times the master of the horse to the dictator. The office of tribunus Celerum, or equitum Romanorum, is mentioned nowhere but here.

2 Other things which the present unworthiness of circumstances supplies, but which it is not an easy matter for historians to set down:' rerum indignitas, a Latin construction for res indignae, unworthy (that is, rebellious) state of matters:' praesens, 'what occurs at the present moment.'

viam Brutus (senserat enim adventum), ne obvius fieret; eodemque fere tempore, diversis itineribus, Brutus Ardeam, Tarquinius Romam venerunt. Tarquinio clausae portae exiliumque indictum : liberatorem urbis laeta castra accepere, exactique inde liberi regis. Duo patrem secuti sunt, qui exulatum Caere in Etruscos ierunt. Sex. Tarquinius Gabios tamquam in suum regnum profectus, ab ultoribus veterum simultatium, quas sibi ipse caedibus rapinisque concierat, est interfectus.

L. Tarquinius Superbus regnavit annos quinque et viginti. Regnatum Romae ab condita urbe ad liberatam annos ducentos quadraginta quattuor. Duo consules inde comitiis centuriatis a praefecto urbis ex commentariis Ser. Tullii2 creati sunt, L. Junius Brutus et L. Tarquinius Collatinus.

1 Equivalent to iter flexit, bent his course;' for, properly, via is the street or road, iter the journey along it.

2 Commentarii or commentaria are notes kept by any one for his own use. The particular reference here is to the division of the people into classes; and by what is said, it is indicated that during the reign of Tarquinius Superbus, the Comitia Centuriata, instituted by Servius, had not been in operation.

LIBER II.

(1) Brutus binds the people by an oath not to allow the restoration of regal power. (2) Tarquinius Collatinus is obliged to resign his consulship, and is succeeded by P. Valerius. (3–5) Conspiracy among the young nobles to restore the exiled king. Brutus puts his sons to death for having taken part in the conspiracy. Distribution of the king's property, and consecration of the Campus Martius. (6) Tarquinius, supported by the Veientes and Tarquinienses, wages war against Rome. Brutus falls in battle. (7) End of the war, and suspicions against P. Valerius. (8) The Valerian laws. (9) Porsenna of Clusium tries to restore Tarquinius. (10) Horatius Cocles, and his defence of the Sublician bridge. (11-12) Porsenna encamped on the Janiculum, and the attempt of C. Mucius to kill him. (13) Porsenna sues for peace. Cloelia. (14) Aruns, the son of Porsenna, marches against Aricia. (15) Tarquinius retires to Tusculum, having given up all hope of recovering his throne. (16-17) Migration of the gens Claudia to Rome from the country of the Sabines. War against the Arunci. (18) T. Lartius, the first dictator. (19-20) Tarquinius, aided by the Latins, makes a last attempt to recover his throne. Battle of Lake Regillus. (21-22) Death of Tarquinius. War against the Volscians. (23-32) The plebs, oppressed by the severe law of debt, emigrate to the Mons Sacer. Menenius Agrippa. (33) Appointment of the tribunes of the plebs. Capture of Corioli, the capital of the Volsci, by C. Marcius Coriolanus. (34-35) Scarcity of provisions at Rome, and consequent exasperation of the plebs. Coriolanus exiled, goes to the Volscians. (36-37) T. Latinius. (38-40) Great war with the Volscians, who are commanded by Coriolanus. He is persuaded by his mother and wife to desist from the war against his own country. (41-42) First proposal of an agrarian law by Sp. Cassius. He is accused of aiming at kingly power, and put to death. (43-50) Wars with the Aequians and Veientes, and struggles between patricians and plebeians. The Fabii conduct the war against Veii, but their whole gens, with the exception of one member, is cut off on the Cremera. (51-57) End of the Veientine war. Disputes between the two estates, and the law of Publilius Volero. (58-65) Renewal of the Volscian and Aequian war. The consul App. Claudius being unsuccessful against the Volscians, on account of the unwillingness of the plebeians to fight, decimates his army. Further troubles between patricians and plebeians.

LIBERI jam hinc populi Romani res pace belloque gestas, annuos magistratus, imperiaque legum potentiora quam

hominum peragam. Quae libertas ut laetior esset, proximi regis superbia fecerat. Nam priores ita regnarunt, ut haud immerito omnes deinceps conditores partium certe urbis,1 quas novas ipsi sedes ab se auctae multitudinis addiderunt, numerentur. Neque ambigitur quin Brutus idem, qui tantum gloriae Superbo exacto rege meruit, pessimo publico id facturus fuerit,2 si libertatis immaturae cupidine priorum regum alicui regnum extorsisset. Quid enim futurum fuit, si illa pastorum convenarumque plebs, transfuga ex suis populis, sub tutela inviolati templi3 aut libertatem aut certe impunitatem adepta, soluta regio metu agitari coepta esset tribuniciis procellis, et in aliena urbe cum Patribus serere certamina, priusquam pignera conjugum ac liberorum caritasque ipsius soli, cui longo tempore assuescitur, animos eorum consociasset? Dissipatae res nondum adultae discordia forent; quas fovit tranquilla moderatio imperii, eoque nutriendo perduxit, ut bonam frugem libertatis maturis jam viribus ferre possent.5 Libertatis autem originem inde magis quia annuum imperium consulare factum est, quam quod deminutum quicquam sit ex regia potestate, numeres. Omnia jura, omnia insignia primi consules tenuere. Id modo cautum est, ne, si ambo fasces haberent, duplicatus terror videretur. Brutus prior,

1 Each of the former kings had enlarged the city, and was in so far a conditor urbis, at least of a part of it. King Numa did not effect any outward enlargement, but he, more than any of the others, deserves to be considered as a conditor urbis; because, as Livy (i. 19) says, he founded it anew by laws and institutions.

2' Would have done so with very serious detriment to the state:' so bonum publicum, malum publicum. The indicative facturus fuit is frequently used as equivalent to fecisset, and the use of the subjunctive fuerit is required merely by its dependence on non ambigitur quin. Compare i. 7, p. 27, note 3. We make this remark, in order that the young student may not stumble at the connection here of the perfect subjunctive with the pluperfect (extorsisset).

3 Namely, the asylum which Romulus (i. 8) is said to have established on the Capitoline Hill. As to the fact that templum does not mean merely or originally a covered building, see i. 6.

4 Supply coepisset from the foregoing coepta esset.

5 Namely, res (jam adultae), 'the state."

6 Bundles of rods, with an axe tied up in the middle of each, which were carried by the twelve lictors before the king; and were afterwards transferred to the consuls, with this provision, however, that each consul should have them, and with them the executive government of the republic, alternately, a month each time.

non acrior vindex Omnium primum

concedente collega, fasces habuit; qui libertatis fuerat, quam deinde custos fuit. avidum novae libertatis populum, ne postmodum flecti precibus aut donis regiis posset, jurejurando adegit, neminem Romae passuros regnare. Deinde quo plus virium insenatu frequentia etiam ordinis faceret, caedibus regis deminutum Patrum numerum primoribus equestris gradus lectis ad trecentorum summam explevit. Traditumque inde fertur, ut in senatum vocarentur qui Patres quique conscripti essent conscriptos videlicet in novum senatum appellabant lectos.2 Id mirum quantum profuit ad concordiam civitatis jungendosque Patribus plebis animos.

2. Rerum deinde divinarum habita cura: et quia quaedam publica sacra per ipsos reges factitata erant, necubi3 regum desiderium esset, regem sacrificulum creant. Id sacerdotium pontifici subjecere, ne additus nomini honos aliquid libertati, cujus tunc prima erat cura, officeret. Ac nescio an nimis undique eam minimis quoque rebus muniendo modum excesserint.4 Consulis enim alterius cum

1 Livy omits to mention here that, among the knights, plebeians also were admitted into the senate at this time-a fact expressly stated by other writers (Dionysius, Plutarch, and Festus), and which, indeed, is plain from the history of later events. The majority of the senators, however, consisted of patricians-that is, descendants of the original Roman burghers or citizens, those who were, or at least from their citizenship might have been, members of the senate when first instituted by Romulus. Plebs and plebeii, when spoken of as a distinct class from the patricians, are not indefinitely the low rabble (vulgus), as in later times, but a special division of the people, different from the clientes, to whom the patricians were patroni. The plebeii were those who were taken into the city by the later kings, and settled principally on the Aventine and Caelian Hills, but excluded from the original institutions of the state and of religion. The double signification of the word plebs has been the source of many errors; but wherever the struggles between the patricians and plebeians are spoken of, the plebs are those whose origin and position we have just described.

2 Livy thus accounts for the ordinary mode of addressing the senate, Patres conscripti, by the omission of et, which, as has been several times mentioned already, is often left out in ancient formulae.

3 Necubi, the ordinary form for ne alicubi: as, in xxii. 23, necunde impetus in frumentatores fieret, for ne alicunde. See Gram. § 119. Ne ubiubi, which is the reading in other editions, can only be explained by an omission of esset (lest, wherever it was'); but of this omission with the generalising relative adverb ubiubi no example can be brought

forward.

And perhaps they overstepped due bounds.' Nescio an, in the