puts to death the leading men of the state, surrounds himself with a body-guard, and forms connections among the Latins. (50-52) His treacherous treatment of Turnus Herdonius. (53-54) War with the Volscians and with Gabii, which is taken by treachery. (55) Building of the temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline. (56) L. Junius Brutus and the embassy to Delphi. (57-58) War against Ardea, the capital of the Rutuli. Outrage on Lucretia. (59-60) Expulsion of the tyrant, after a reign of 25 years, and establishment of the republic under two annual consuls.

JAM primum omnium satis constat Troja capta in ceteros saevitum esse Trojanos; duobus, Aeneae Antenorique, et vetusti jure hospitii, et quia pacis reddendaeque Helenae semper auctores fuerant, omne jus belli Achivos abstinuisse.1 Casibus deinde variis Antenorem cum multitudine Enetum,2 qui seditione ex Paphlagonia pulsi et sedes et ducem, rege Pylaemene ad Trojam amisso, quaerebant, venisse in intimum Hadriatici maris sinum; Euganeisque, qui inter mare Alpesque incolebant, pulsis, Enetos Trojanosque eas tenuisse terras. Et in quem primum egressi sunt locum, Troja Vocatur, pagoque inde Trojano nomen est: gens universa Veneti appellati. Aenean ab simili clade domo profugum, sed ad majora rerum initia ducentibus fatis, primo in Macedoniam venisse, inde in Siciliam quaerentem sedes delatum, ab Sicilia classe ad Laurentem agrum tenuisse :3 Troja1 et huic loco nomen est. Ibi egressi Trojani, ut quibus ab immenso prope errore nihil praeter arma et naves superessent,5

1 The ordinary construction would have been a duobus, Aenea Antenoreque-abstinuisse. The dative, which is the manuscript reading, must be considered as a dativus commodi, for the good of two Trojans.' The author probably intended to close the sentence with the verb pepercisse, for which, however, he substituted an expression of similar import but different construction.

2 For Enetorum. The 'Everol appear in Homer as a nation on the south coast of the Pontus Euxinus, and as allied with the Trojans. Their king, Pylaemenes, was slain by Menelaus.

3 Tenere locum, or tenere ad locum, means 'to steer for a place.' See note, xxi. 49.

4 Some editions read Trojae, which is equally correct; for proper names may take either the same case as nomen, or, being attracted by the person or place named, the dative.

5 The best manuscripts read superessent instead of superesset, which latter is certainly the proper and logical construction. The number of the verb seems to be attracted by the substantives standing next it, and the words nihil praeter are in reality nothing but solum, tantum, only.'

6

cum praedam ex agris agerent, Latinus rex Aboriginesque, qui tum ea tenebant loca, ad arcendam vim advenarum armati ex urbe atque agris concurrunt. Duplex inde fama est. Alii proelio victum Latinum pacem cum Aenea, deinde affinitatem junxisse tradunt: alii, cum instructae acies constitissent, priusquam signa canerent, processisse Latinum inter primores ducemque advenarum evocasse ad colloquium; percunctatum deinde qui mortales essent, unde aut quo casu profecti domo, quidve quaerentes in agrum Laurentem exissent, postquam audierit multitudinem Trojanos esse, ducem Aeneam1 filium Anchisae et Veneris; cremata patria et domo profugos sedem condendaeque urbi locum quaerere ; et nobilitatem admiratum gentis virique et animum vel bello vel paci paratum, dextra data fidem futurae amicitiae sanxisse. Inde foedus ictum inter duces, inter exercitus salutationem factam. Aeneam apud Latinum fuisse in hospitio. Ibi Latinum apud penates deos domesticum publico adjunxisse foedus, filia Aeneae in matrimonium data. Ea utique res Trojanis spem affirmat tandem stabili certaque sede finiendi erroris. Oppidum condunt; Aeneas ab nomine uxoris Lavinium2 appellat. Brevi stirps quoque virilis ex novo matrimonio fuit, cui Ascanium3 parentes dixere nomen.

2. Bello deinde Aborigines Trojanique petiti. Turnus, rex Rutulorum, cui pacta Lavinia ante adventum Aeneae fuerat, praelatum sibi advenam aegre patiens, simul Aeneae Latino

1 According to the best manuscripts, Livy employs both the Greek form Aenean and the Latin Aeneam. In other editions Aenean is given throughout.

2 This, the first seat of the Trojans in Italy was, in the flourishing times of Rome, a city of the Latins. It was situated near the sea-coast, and not far from Laurentum, where King Latinus resided. At a later period of Roman history, when both Lavinium and Laurentum were decayed, they were formed into one city, under the name of LauroLavinium. The district is now in a wretched state with regard both to cultivation and population. It is remarkable that the name Lavinium was in the middle ages transferred to the inland city of Lanuvium, it being now called Civita Lavinja. The original Lavinium is now called Prattica.

3 Accusative, in apposition to nomen. Other editions read Ascanio. See note 4 on preceding page.

4 The town of the Rutulians was Ardea, situated on a steep isolated hill, a geographical mile to the south of Lavinium, and at some distance from the sea. It is now an insignificant village. Between Ardea and Lavinium flowed the Numicius or Numicus, now called, from its winding course, Rio Torto.

que bellum intulerat. Neutra acies laeta ex eo certamine abiit: victi Rutuli; victores Aborigines Trojanique ducem Latinum amisere. Inde Turnus Rutulique diffisi rebus ad florentes opes Etruscorum Mezentiumque, regem eorum, confugiunt, qui Caere,1 opulento tum oppido, imperitans, jam inde ab initio minime laetus novae origine urbis, et tum nimio plus, quam satis tutum esset accolis, rem Trojanam crescere ratus, haud gravatim socia arma Rutulis junxit. Aeneas adversus tanti belli terrorem ut animos Aboriginum sibi conciliaret, nec sub eodem jure solum sed etiam nomine omnes essent, Latinos utramque gentem appellavit. Nec deinde Aborigines Trojanis studio ac fide erga regem Aeneam cessere. Fretusque his animis coalescentium in dies magis duorum populorum Aeneas, quamquam tanta opibus Etruria erat, ut jam non terras solum sed mare etiam per totam Italiae longitudinem, ab Alpibus ad fretum Siculum, fama nominis sui implesset, tamen cum moenibus bellum propulsare posset, in aciem copias eduxit. Secundum inde proelium Latinis, Aeneae etiam ultimum operum mortalium fuit. Situs est, quemcunque eum dici jus fasque est,2 super Numicum flumen. Jovem indigetem appellant.

3. Nondum maturus imperio Ascanius, Aeneae filius, erat : tamen id imperium ei ad puberem aetatem incolume mansit. Tantisper tutela muliebri (tanta indoles in Lavinia erat) res Latina et regnum avitum paternumque puero stetit.3 Haud nihil ambigam, (quis enim rem tam veterem pro certa affir

The

1 Caere, situated twenty-six milia (more than five geographical miles) from Rome, and one geographical mile from the sea, is now called Cervetri (that is, 'old Caere,' a new Ceri having sprung up in the neighbourhood). This is a celebrated town, originally Pelasgian, then Etruscan, and often mentioned in early Roman history. Romans obtained a great many of their religious ceremonies from Caere. 2 Whatever it is right and pious for him to be called.' This is a parenthetical allusion to the ancient superstition, which named Aeneas a local god (Greek, sòs xlovios) on the place where he was said to be

buried.

3 Stood safely,' or 6 was preserved to him,' equivalent to incolume mansit in the previous sentence.

4 Haud nihil ambigo, equal to aliquantulum dubito. It is remarkable that nihil is wanting in all the manuscripts. The word, however, being absolutely necessary for the sense, this is merely a proof of the fact, that even our best codices are by no means perfect. As to hicine, see Gram. § 115, note 1. The interrogative particle ne is subjoined to the full old forms hice, haece, hoce, for which, in the later language, the abbreviated hic, haec, hoc were used.

met?) hicine fuerit Ascanius, an major quam hic, Creusa matre, Ilio incolumi, natus, comesque inde paternae fugae, quem Iulum eundem1 Julia gens auctorem nominis sui nuncupat. Is Ascanius, ubicunque et quacunque matre genitus (certe natum Aenea constat), abundante Lavinii multitudine, florentem jam, ut tum res erant, atque opulentam urbem matri seu novercae reliquit, novam ipse aliam sub Albano monte condidit, quae ab situ porrectae in dorso urbis Longa Alba appellata. Inter Lavinium et Albam Longam coloniam deductam triginta ferme interfuere anni. Tantum tamen opes creverant, maxime fusis Etruscis, ut ne morte quidem Aeneae, nec deinde inter muliebrem tutelam rudimentumque primum puerilis regni, movere arma aut Mezentius Etruscique aut ulli alii accolae ausi sint. Pax ita convenerat, ut Etruscis Latinisque fluvius Albula, quem nunc Tiberim vocant, finis esset.

Silvius deinde regnat, Ascanii filius, casu quodam in silvis natus. Is Aenean Silvium creat; is deinde Latinum Silvium. Ab eo coloniae aliquot deductae, Prisci Latini appellati.2 Mansit Silviis postea omnibus cognomen qui Albae regnarunt. Latino Alba ortus, Alba Atys, Atye Capys, Capye Capetus, Capeto Tiberinus, qui in trajectu Albulae

1 Ascanius was also, or at the same time, called Iulus, and from him, under this latter name, the gens Julia at Rome deduced its origin. Idem is also,' when one subject has two predicates; for example, Cicero orator idemque philosophus. Compare Zumpt, § 697. The tradition, as given by Dionysius, is this, that Aeneas had two sons, Ascanius by Creusa, and Silvius by Lavinia. The son of Ascanius was Iulus, who, being supplanted by his uncle Silvius, did not succeed to the crown at his father's death, but lived in the odour of sanctity, and became the founder of the Julian gens. Several other Roman gentes had the vanity to deduce their descent from demigods or heroes (in the Greek sense of the word); the gens Fabia, for instance, from Hercules and a daughter of Evander. See note, i. 49. The fame, however, of the Julii has made their descent better known.

2 At the time when Rome assumed authority over Latium, the Latin towns were divided into 'old' and 'new.' The former were thirty in number, and formed a confederation. New Latium (novum Latium) consisted of a number of townships on the borders of old Latium, which were subdued by the Romans, or by them in conjunction with the old Latins, and placed in the same relation to Rome as old Latium. According to Livy, these old Latins were originally colonists from Lavinium and Alba; in the opinion of other ancient historians they were not colonists, but merely recognised the pre-eminence of Alba. Aricia, Tusculum, Praeneste, Lanuvium, and Tibur, were among these old Latin towns.

amnis summersus celebre ad posteros nomen1 flumini dedit. Agrippa inde, Tiberini filius, post Agrippam Romulus Silvius a patre accepto imperio regnat. Aventino fulmine ipse ictus regnum per manus2 tradidit. Is sepultus in eo colle, qui nunc pars Romanae est urbis, cognomen colli fecit. Proca deinde regnat is Numitorem atque Amulium procreat, Numitori, qui stirpis maximus erat, regnum vetustum Silviae gentis legat. Plus tamen vis potuit quam voluntas patris aut verecundia aetatis.3 Pulso fratre Amulius regnat. Addit sceleri scelus: stirpem fratris virilem interimit; fratris filiae Reae Silviae per speciem honoris, cum Vestalem eam legisset, perpetua virginitate spem partus adimit.4

4. Sed debebatur,5 ut opinor, fatis tantae origo urbis maximique secundum deorum opes imperii principium. Vi compressa Vestalis cum geminum partum edidisset, seu ita rata, seu quia deus auctor culpae honestior erat,6 Martem incertae stirpis patrem nuncupat. Sed nec dii nec homines aut ipsam aut stirpem a crudelitate regia vindicant: sacerdos vincta in custodiam datur; pueros in profluentem aquam mitti jubet. Forte quadam divinitus? super ripas Tiberis effusus lenibus

1'A name celebrated down to posterity;' that is, 'celebrated down to latest ages.' The names and succession of the Alban kings seem to have been invented by the annalists, or collected from old legends, in order to supply the place of authentic information. The derivation of the name Tiberis from Tiberinus is equally unworthy of credit, for ordinary etymology would lead us to suppose that the name of the river (with which is connected the name of the town Tibur) originated the name of the man, rather than vice versa.

2 A phrase expressing immediate succession. It is equivalent to the Greek diadoxov x; that is, he had an immediate successor.' 3Respect for (greater) age.'

4 This allusion is explained by the description given in i. 20 of the office and rules of the vestal virgins. This institution was extremely old at Alba, and was introduced into Rome by the good king Numa Pompilius.

5 Debeo alicui, 'I owe to some one,' or 'I have to thank some one for something. The passive is here used, because the subject which feels the gratitude is very indefinite; thus we may translate debebatur by 'the world, or mankind, had to thank.' The imperfect refers us to the time when Rome was building, or when the Fates were bringing about the train of events which resulted in its being built. The gratitude is conceived as having been felt then.

6 Livy supposes either that the vestal was herself deceived, or that she told an intentional falsehood. He has evidently no belief in the miracle.

7 Chance itself is looked upon as under the control of the gods. In Greek, forte quadam divinitus would be expressed by sia rivi rúxņ.