stagnis nec adiri usquam ad justi cursum poterat amnis, et posse quamvis languida mergi aqua infantes spem ferentibus dabat. Ita velut defuncti regis imperio, in proxima alluvie, ubi nunc ficus Ruminalis est (Romularem vocatam ferunt1), pueros exponunt. Vastae tum in iis locis solitudines erant. Tenet fama,2 cum fluitantem alveum, quo expositi erant pueri, tenuis in sicco aqua destituisset, lupam sitientem ex montibus, qui circa sunt, ad puerilem vagitum cursum flexisse; eam summissas infantibus adeo mitem praebuisse mammas, ut lingua lambentem pueros magister regii pecoris invenerit. Faustulo fuisse nomen ferunt. Ab eo ad stabula Larentiae uxori educandos latos. Sunt qui Larentiam vulgato corpore lupam inter pastores vocatam putent; inde locum fabulae ac miraculo datum.3 Ita geniti itaque educati, cum primum adolevit aetas, nec in stabulis nec ad pecora segnes venando peragrare saltus. Hinc robore corporibus animisque sumpto, jam non feras tantum subsistere, sed1 in latrones praeda onustos impetus facere, pastoribusque rapta dividere, et cum his, crescente in dies grege juvenum, seria ac jocos celebrare.

5. Jam tum in Palatio monte Lupercal hoc3 fuisse ludicrum ferunt, et a Pallanteo, urbe Arcadica, Pallantium, dein Palatium montem appellatum. Ibi Evandrum, qui ex eo genere Arcadum multis ante tempestatibus 6 tenuerit loca,

1 Livy intimates that the tree, which in his day was still standing at the Comitium, was originally called Romularis, and afterwards, by a change of pronunciation, Ruminalis. The more correct view is, that ruminalis is derived from rumen, ruminis-that is, mamma.

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2 Fama tenet or obtinet, the story is preserved.' We may either regard the verb as used intransitively, or, if transitively, supply se, or give the following sentence as its object. Compare ii. 3, per aliquot dies ea consultatio tenuit, continued;' see also note, xxi. 46. The story was preserved by means of a monument exhibiting a she-wolf suckling two boys, which was erected on the spot, and of which we still have copies. 3 Á very profane explanation of the popular story. A much more natural interpretation is afforded by the fact, that the wolf was believed to be the animal sacred to Mars.

4 The omission of etiam with sed after non modo, non solum, non tantum, is very common in Livy. See Zumpt, § 724.

5 Hoc means the festival which on the day of the Lupercalia (February 15th in the Julian Calendar) is still kept up.' This old Italian festival of the shepherds, in which a dog was solemnly slaughtered, and Luperci ran half naked round the Palatium, was connected, as in the text, with the pastoral character of the founders of Rome.

6A long time before,' or 'many ages before.' Tempestas is here used

sollemne allatum ex Arcadia instituisse, ut nudi juvenes Lycaeum Pana venerantes per lusum atque lasciviam currerent; quem Romani deinde vocarunt Inuum. Huic deditis ludicro, cum sollemne notum esset, insidiatos ob iram praedae amissae latrones, cum Romulus vi se defendisset, Remum cepisse, captum regi Amulio tradidisse, ultro accusantes.1 Crimini maxime dabant in Numitoris agros ab iis impetum fieri; inde eos, collecta juvenum manu, hostilem in modum praedas agere. Sic Numitori ad supplicium Remus deditur. Jam inde ab initio Faustulo spes fuerat regiam stirpem apud se educari: nam et expositos jussu regis infantes sciebat, et tempus, quo ipse eos sustulisset, ad id ipsum congruere. Sed rem immaturam, nisi aut per occasionem aut per necessitatem, aperiri noluerat: necessitas prior venit. Ita metu subactus2 Romulo rem aperit. Forte et Numitori, cum in custodia Remum haberet audissetque geminos esse fratres, comparando et aetatem eorum et ipsam minime servilem indolem, tetigerat animum memoria nepotum; sciscitandoque eodem pervenit, ut haud procul esset quin Remum agnosceret. Ita undique regi dolus nectitur. Romulus non cum globo juvenum (nec enim erat ad apertam vim par) sed aliis alio itinere jussis certo tempore ad regiam venire pastoribus, ad regem3 impetum facit; et a domo Numitoris alia comparata manu adjuvat Remus. Ita regem obtruncant.

6. Numitor inter primum tumultum hostes invasisse urbem atque adortos regiam dictitans, cum pubem Albanam in arcem praesidio armisque obtinendam avocasset, postquam juvenes perpetrata caede pergere ad se gratulantes vidit, extemplo advocato concilio scelera in se fratris, originem nepotum, ut geniti, ut educati, ut cogniti essent, caedem simply for tempus, perhaps for the sake of effect. At least tempestas, being an old, and, in this sense, properly a poetical word, is calculated to lead our minds back to the pastoral district of Arcadia, and to times long gone by; for Evander lived three generations before Aeneas and the destruction of Troy.

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1 Ultro, of their own accord,' here appears to express the extreme impudence of the robbers. Though, in being forced to give up all their ill-gotten booty, they had only received their desert, they still were impudent enough to accuse young Remus.

2 For coactus, rare and antique.

3Upon the king, his house, and his family.' Had the king alone been meant, we should have had in regem.

4 A common Latin v dià dvory, equivalent to praesidio armato. Compare Zumpt, § 741.

deinceps tyranni seque ejus auctorem ostendit. Juvenes per mediam contionem agmine ingressi cum avum regem salutassent, secuta ex omni multitudine consentiens vox ratum nomen imperiumque regi effecit.

Ita Numitori Albana re permissa, Romulum Remumque cupido cepit in iis locis, ubi expositi ubique educati erant, urbis condendae. Et supererat multitudo Albanorum Latinorumque; ad id pastores quoque accesserant, qui omnes facile spem facerent parvam Albam, parvum Lavinium prae ea urbe, quae conderetur, fore. Intervenit deinde his cogitationibus avitum malum, regni cupido, atque inde foedum certamen coortum a satis miti principio. Quoniam gemini essent nec aetatis verecundia discrimen facere posset, ut dii, quorum tutelae ea loca essent,1 auguriis legerent qui nomen novae urbi daret, qui conditam imperio regeret, Palatium Romulus, Remus Aventinum ad inaugurandum templa capiunt.2

7. Priori Remo augurium venisse fertur, sex vultures; jamque nuntiato augurio cum duplex numerus Romulo se ostendisset, utrumque regem sua multitudo consalutaverat. Tempore illi praecepto, at hi numero avium regnum trahebant.3 Inde cum altercatione congressi certamine irarum ad caedem vertuntur: ibi in turba ictus Remus cecidit. Vulgatior fama est ludibrio fratris Remum novos transiluisse muros; inde ab irato Romulo, cum verbis quoque increpitans adjecisset 'Sic deinde quicunque alius transiliet moenia mea,' interfectum. Ita solus potitus imperio Romulus; condita urbs conditoris nomine appellata.5

1'Under whose protection those places were.' The phrase in tutela esse is also used in the same sense.

2As consecrated places for observing the heavens.' Templum means originally a place from which the heavens are observed (with regard to omens, &c.), and from it, in this sense, is derived the verb contemplari. Inaugurare, equivalent to augurium capere, and therefore, with an accusative, to consecrare.

3 That is, sibi ac suis partibus vindicabant, claimed for themselves and their party.'

4

Supply pereat, or eveniat ei.

5 The name Roma is thus derived from Romulus, though the name of the man, from its form, evidently comes from that of the town. The story of the fratricide is very old, and was perhaps originated by the feuds of the early inhabitants of Rome. The localities, too-Palatium and Mons Aventinus-which are assigned to the quarrel seem to refer

Palatium primum, in quo ipse erat educatus, muniit; sacra diis aliis Albano ritu, Graeco Herculi, ut ab Evandro instituta erant, facit.1 Herculem in ea loca, Geryone interempto, boves mira specie abegisse memorant,2 ac prope Tiberim fluvium, qua prae se armentum agens nando trajecerat, loco herbido, ut quiete et pabulo laeto reficeret boves, et ipsum fessum via procubuisse. Ibi cum eum cibo vinoque gravatum sopor oppressisset, pastor accola ejus loci, nomine Cacus, ferox viribus, captus pulchritudine boum, cum avertere eam praedam vellet, quia si agendo armentum in speluncam compulisset, ipsa vestigia quaerentem dominum eo deductura erant,3 aversos boves, eximium quemque pulchritudine, caudis in speluncam traxit. Hercules ad primam auroram somno excitus, cum gregem perlustrasset oculis et partem abesse numero sensisset, pergit ad proximam speluncam, si forte eo vestigia ferrent. Quae ubi omnia foras versa vidit nec in partem aliam ferre, confusus atque incertus animi5 ex loco infesto agere porro armentum occepit. Inde cum actae boves quaedam ad desiderium, ut fit, relictarum mugissent, reddita inclusarum ex spelunca boum vox Herculem convertit. Quem cum vadentem ad speluncam Cacus vi prohibere conatus esset, ictus clava,

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to the two seats of the patricians and plebeians-the Aventine, as the hill of the plebs, being opposite, and, as it were, hostile to the Palatine. 1 The fact that sacrifices were offered, according to the Greek form, on the ancient ara maxima, at the foot of the Palatine, in what was afterwards called the 'ox-market' (forum boarium), and the legends of the priests regarding the origin of this ceremony, gave the Roman annalists an opportunity of inventing the settlement of a Greek colony on the banks of the Tiber, though the district is at the same time described as waste and uncultivated. Livy, without settling the historical value of these stories, connects them with the religious institutions of Romulus.

2 In the Greek mythology, the tenth labour imposed on Hercules by Eurystheus was to bring the cattle of the triple-bodied Geryon from the island of Erythea, on the west coast of Spain.

3Would have led:' the imperfect indicative of the periphrastic conjugation, in the hypothetical sense of deduxissent.

4 Not all the oxen, but only some of them, according to their beauty, 'all those remarkable for their beauty.' This is the force of the partitive pronoun quisque with a superlative, or, as here, an adjective having the power of a superlative. Instead of the apposition boves, we might have had the genitive partitive boum, eximium quemque boum."

5 For animo, a use of the genitive rare in the earlier prose, but frequently found in the poets, and the prose writers after Cicero.

fidem pastorum nequicquam invocans, morte occubuit. Evander tum ea, profugus ex Peloponneso, auctoritate magis quam imperio regebat loca, venerabilis vir miraculo litterarum,1 rei novae inter rudes artium homines, venerabilior divinitate credita Carmentae matris, quam fatiloquam ante Sibyllae in Italiam adventum miratae eae gentes fuerant. Is tum Evander concursu pastorum trepidantium circa advenam manifestae reum caedis excitus, postquam facinus facinorisque causam audivit, habitum formamque viri aliquantum ampliorem augustioremque humana intuens, rogitat qui vir esset. Ubi nomen patremque ac patriam accepit, 'Jove nate, Hercules, salve,' inquit. 'Te mihi mater, veridica interpres deum, aucturum coelestium numerum cecinit; tibique aram hic dicatum iri, quam opulentissima olim in terris gens maximam vocet tuoque ritu colat.' Dextra Hercules data accipere se omen impleturumque fata, ara condita ac dicata,3 ait. Ibi tum primum bove eximia capta de grege sacrum Herculi, adhibitis ad ministerium dapemque Potitiis ac Pinariis, quae tum familiae maxime inclitae ea loca incolebant, factum. Forte ita evenit ut Potitii ad tempus praesto essent hisque exta4 apponerentur, Pinarii

1Written characters.' According to this tradition, then, Evander brought the alphabet from Greece, where Cadmus had introduced it from Phoenicia.

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2 Or aliquanto, somewhat,'' considerably.' Aliquantum and aliquanto increase the power of the word with which they are connected, whereas paulum and paulo lessen it.

3 By this clause in the ablative absolute, the building of the altar is attributed to Hercules himself. It is said, too, ix. 34, that this service or ceremony was the only one which any god had instituted for himself. Ovid in his 'Fasti, i. 582, corroborates this by the words—

Constituitque sibi, quae Maxima dicitur, aram.

Other authors, however, give different accounts; some stating that Evander erected the altar to Hercules, and others that Hercules built it to Jupiter Inventor.

4 The exta-that is, the more important inwards of the animal offered in sacrifice-the heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys-were placed upon a dish on the altar, examined according to the Etruscan aruspicina, and afterwards eaten by the priests and attendants, whilst the remainder was given to the person who appointed the sacrifice, and to the guests whom he invited. The families of the Potitii and Pinarii officiated, even in historical times, at the sacrifices to Hercules on the Ara Maxima. In the year 310 B. C., the whole family of the Potitii, consisting of thirty male adults, died out, on account of the neglect or careless performance of their duty.-See Livy, ix. 29.