extis adesis ad ceteram venirent dapem. Inde institutum mansit, donec Pinarium genus fuit, ne extis sollemnium vescerentur. Potitii ab Evandro edocti antistites sacri ejus per multas aetates fuerunt, donec, tradito servis publicis sollemni familiae ministerio, genus omne Potitiorum interiit. Haec tum sacra Romulus una ex omnibus peregrina suscepit, jam tum immortalitatis virtute partae, ad quam eum sua fata ducebant, fautor.

8. Rebus divinis rite perpetratis, vocataque ad concilium multitudine, quae coalescere in populi unius corpus nulla re praeterquam legibus poterat, jura dedit; quae ita sancta generi hominum agresti fore ratus, si se ipse venerabilem insignibus imperii fecisset, cum cetero habitu se augustiorem, tum maxime lictoribus duodecim sumptis fecit. Alii ab numero avium, quae augurio regnum portenderant, eum secutum numerum putant. Me haud poenitet1 eorum sententiae esse, quibus et apparitores et hoc genus ab Etruscis finitimis, unde sella curulis, unde toga praetexta sumpta est, numerum quoque ipsum ductum placet; et ita habuisse Etruscos, quod ex duodecim populis communiter creato rege singulos singuli populi lictores dederint. Crescebat interim urbs munitionibus alia atque alia appetendo loca, cum in spem magis futurae multitudinis, quam ad id, quod tum hominum erat, munirent. Deinde ne vana urbis magnitudo esset, adjiciendae multitudinis causa, vetere consilio condentium urbes, qui obscuram atque humilem conciendo ad se multitudinem natam e terra sibi prolem ementiebantur,2 locum qui nunc septus descendentibus inter duos lucos est,3 asylum aperit. Eo ex finitimis populis turba

1 'I decidedly coincide in opinion with those who,' &c. Me poenitet not only means I repent,' but may also be used generally of the feeling of disappointment, of discontent; non (haud) me poenitet, I am content.' The opinion that the apparitores, and particularly that class of them called lictores, along with the rest of the insignia of power, were derived from the Etruscans, is supported by other Roman historians as well as by Livy. Some of them think that there were no apparitores till the time of the Tarquins.

2 Who fabled.' Deucalion and Cadmus are instances.

3A place which is now enclosed, and will be found by those who come down from the arx (the north-eastern peak of the Capitoline Hill) between the two groves. The place was in the time of Livy not an asylum, but, being looked upon as a sacred spot, was carefully enclosed. The right of sanctuary was not recognised at Rome, as it was in the Greek states. The whole story of the asylum of Romulus probably arose

omnis sine discrimine, liber an servus esset, avida novarum rerum perfugit; idque primum ad coeptam magnitudinem roboris fuit. Cum jam virium haud poeniteret, consilium deinde viribus parat. Centum creat senatores, sive quia is numerus satis erat, sive quia soli centum erant, qui creari Patres possent. Patres certe ab honore, Patriciique progenies eorum appellati.2

9. Jam res Romana adeo erat valida, ut cuilibet finitimarum civitatium bello par esset; sed penuria mulierum hominis aetatem duratura magnitudo erat, quippe quibus nec domi spes prolis nec cum finitimis connubia essent. Tum ex consilio Patrum Romulus legatos circa vicinas gentes misit, qui societatem connubiumque novo populo peterent: Urbes quoque, ut cetera, ex infimo nasci; dein quas sua virtus ac dii juvent, magnas opes sibi magnumque nomen facere. Satis scire origini Romanae et deos affuisse et non defuturam virtutem. Proinde ne gravarentur homines cum hominibus sanguinem ac genus miscere. Nusquam benigne legatio audita est: adeo simul spernebant, simul tantam in medio crescentem molem sibi ac posteris suis metuebant. A plerisque rogitantibus dimissi, ecquod feminis quoque asylum aperuissent: id enim demum compar connubium fore. Aegre id Romana pubes passa, et haud dubie ad vim spectare res coepit. Cui tempus locumque aptum ut daret Romulus, aegritudinem animi dissimulans, ludos ex industria parat Neptuno equestri sollemnes: Consualia vocat.3 Indici deinde finitimis spectaculum jubet; quantoque apparatu tum sciebant aut poterant, concelebrant, ut rem claram expectatamque facerent. Multi mortales convenere, studio etiam videndae novae urbis, maxime

from the fact, that Rome was looked upon as the home of all unfortunates, since there the peculiar regulation was in force that slaves, when set free by Roman masters, became Roman citizens by that very act. 1The first powerful addition.'

2 Patricius is simply derived from pater, by annexing the adjective termination cius. Livy, therefore, is mistaken when, in another passage, x. 8, he says that those were called patricians qui patrem ciere possent, as if every one else had been spurius, 'illegitimate." Patricii is synonymous with patres.

3 From Consus, the name of a god whose altar was discovered below ground in the place between the Palatine and the Aventine, where, afterwards, was the Circus Maximus. This god, otherwise unknown, was identified with Neptune.

proximi quique, Caeninenses, Crustumini, Antemnates. Jam Sabinorum omnis multitudo cum liberis ac conjugibus venit. Invitati hospitaliter per domos, cum situm moeniaque et frequentem tectis urbem vidissent, mirantur tam brevi rem Romanam crevisse. Ubi spectaculi tempus venit, deditaeque eo1 mentes cum oculis erant, tum ex composito orta vis, signoque dato juventus Romana ad rapiendas virgines discurrit. Magna pars forte, in quem quaeque inciderat, raptae; quasdam forma excellentes primoribus Patrum destinatas ex plebe homines, quibus datum negotium erat, domos deferebant. Unam longe ante alias specie ac pulchritudine insignem a globo Talassii cujusdam raptam ferunt, multisque sciscitantibus, cuinam eam ferrent, identidem, ne quis violaret, Talassio ferri clamitatum: inde nuptialem hanc vocem factam.2 Turbato per metum ludicro, maesti parentes virginum profugiunt, incusantes violati hospitii foedus,3 deumque invocantes, cujus ad sollemne ludosque per fas ac fidem decepti venissent. Nec raptis aut spes de se melior aut indignatio est minor. Sed ipse Romulus circumibat, docebatque patrum id superbia factum, qui connubium finitimis negassent: illas tamen in matrimonio, in societate fortunarum omnium civitatisque, et quo nihil carius humano generi sit, liberum fore. Mollirent modo iras, et quibus fors corpora dedisset, darent animos. Saepe ex injuria postmodum gratiam ortam; eoque melioribus usuras viris, quod annisurus pro se quisque sit, ut cum suam vicem functus officio sit, parentium etiam patriaeque ex

1Thereto,'' to it; the adverb.

2 When a Roman bride was conducted from her father's house to her husband's, her companions shouted Talassio! The meaning and derivation of this word are doubtful. The interjection io certainly forms a part of it, and perhaps the whole word may be merely the Greek ráλas iú. It was commonly thought by the Romans themselves to be a dative, which was accounted for by the incident mentioned in the text. The whole story of the rape of the Sabine maidens was probably invented to explain the ancient marriage ceremonies, which symbolically represented a rape, and to account for the existence of a Sabine element in the population of Rome.

3 Properly, violatum hospitii foedus. Similarly, in the first chapter, majora rerum initia, for majorum rerum initia.

When, in his place, he had done the duty of a husband.' The accusative suam vicem is used adverbially for sua vice, according to a peculiar use of vicem, 'in the stead of,' with a genitive or a possessive pronoun. Vice, however, is also used, as in i. 25.

pleat desiderium. Accedebant blanditiae virorum, factum purgantium cupiditate atque amore, quae maxime ad muliebre ingenium efficaces preces sunt.

10. Jam admodum mitigati animi raptis erant; at raptarum parentes tum maxime sordida veste lacrimisque et querelis civitates concitabant. Nec domi tantum indignationes continebant, sed congregabantur undique ad T. Tatium, regem Sabinorum; et legationes eo, quod maximum Tatii nomen in his regionibus erat, conveniebant. Caeninenses Crustuminique et Antemnates erant, ad quos ejus injuriae pars pertinebat.2 Lente agere his Tatius Sabinique visi sunt ipsi inter se tres populi communiter bellum parant. Ne Crustumini quidem atque Antemnates pro ardore iraque Caeninensium satis se impigre movent. Ita per se ipsum nomen Caeninum3 in agrum Romanum impetum facit. Sed effuse vastantibus fit obvius cum exercitu Romulus, levique certamine docet vanam sine viribus iram esse. Exercitum fundit fugatque, fusum persequitur; regem in proelio obtruncat et spoliat; duce hostium occiso, urbem primo impetu capit. Inde exercitu victore reducto, ipse cum factis vir magnificus tum factorum ostentator haud minor, spolia ducis hostium caesi suspensa fabricato ad id apte ferculo gerens in Capitolium escendit; ibique ea cum ad quercum pastoribus sacram deposuisset, simul cum dono designavit templo Jovis fines, cognomenque addidit deo.5

1They preserved,' 'kept hot.' In another sense, iram or indignationes continere might mean, 'to restrain or moderate anger.'

2 Caeninenses etc. erant, ad quos pars pertinebat, a rare circumlocution for the simple ad Caeninenses etc. pars pertinebat.

3 For populus Caeninensis, the example of nomen Latinum being here followed; not, however, quite properly, for nomen means a people' only in so far as the inhabitants of several distinct places are comprehended under one general appellation. In the case of the Latins, therefore, the word was properly applied; but not so in that of the inhabitants of the single town of Caenina. With the same irregularity, the Albans are called nomen Albanum, i. 23. Caenina was situated at a greater distance from Rome than either Antemnae or Crustumerium, being 18 milia to the north-east. Its modern name is St Angelo.

4 Illustrious by his deeds, and at the same time not slow to trumpet them forth, and boast of them.'

5 This cognomen, Feretrius, is to be found in the speech which follows. In the temple of Jupiter Feretrius, on the Capitoline Hill, the armour of such leaders of hostile armies as were slain in single combat by a Roman general was hung up as a trophy (tropaeum). Such spoils were called spolia opima, and, after Romulus, were obtained only twice:

'Juppiter Feretri' inquit, 'haec tibi victor Romulus rex regia arma fero, templumque his regionibus, quas modo animo metatus sum, dedico, sedem opimis spoliis, quae regibus ducibusque hostium caesis, me auctorem sequentes, posteri ferent.' Haec templi est origo, quod primum omnium Romae sacratum est. Ita deinde diis visum, nec irritam conditoris templi vocem esse, qua laturos eo spolia posteros nuncupavit, nec multitudine compotum ejus doni vulgari laudem. Bina postea inter tot annos, tot bella, opima parta sunt spolia: adeo rara ejus fortuna decoris3 fuit.

11. Dum ea ibi Romani gerunt, Antemnatium exercitus per occasionem ac solitudinem hostiliter in fines Romanos incursionem facit. Raptim et ad hos Romana legio1 ducta palatos in agris oppressit. Fusi igitur primo impetu et clamore hostes; oppidum captum. Duplicique victoria ovantem Romulum Hersilia conjux, precibus raptarum fatigata, orat ut parentibus earum det veniam et in civitatem accipiat ita rem coalescere concordia posse. Facile impetratum. Inde contra Crustuminos profectus bellum inferentes. Ibi minus etiam, quod alienis cladibus ceciderant animi, certaminis fuit. Utroque coloniae missae: plures inventi, qui propter ubertatem terrae in Crustuminum nomina darent.5 Et Romam inde frequenter migratum est, a parentibus maxime ac propinquis raptarum.

once by A. Cornelius Cossus, who slew the Etruscan Tolumnius in the year 437 B. C. (see Livy, iv. 19), and once by M. Claudius Marcellus, who killed Viridomarus, king of the Gauls, 222 B. C.

1. Within these bounds.'

2 Equivalent to dixit, but implying solemnity.

3 The good fortune to gain this distinction.'

4 Legio here is not used in the sense of a particular division of the Roman army, but generally for exercitus; though some writers, in order to carry back the peculiar signification of legio even to the earliest times of Rome, declare that the original number of citizens under Romulus was the same as that of a legion afterwards. Compare i. 28, where legio Romana is used for exercitus; and a little after, for the same army, the plural legiones.

5 According to this narrative, then, the citizens of Antemnae and Crustumerium received the rights of Roman citizenship; and at the same time, by the settlement of Roman citizens in these towns, they were placed in the relation of colonies. Colonisation and extension of the franchise, however the two features in the character of the Roman state which mainly contributed to its greatness-probably were not begun till a later period. Antemnae lay in the immediate neighbourhood of Rome, and does not appear again as an independent

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