tum, quibus precibus suppliciisque1 deos possent placare, et quaenam futura finis tantis cladibus foret. Interim ex fatalibus libris sacrificia aliquot extraordinaria facta; inter quae Gallus et Galla, Graecus et Graeca in foro boario sub terra vivi demissi sunt in locum saxo conseptum, jam ante hostiis humanis, minime Romano sacro, imbutum.2

Placatis satis, ut rebantur, deis M. Claudius Marcellus ab Ostia mille et quingentos milites, quos in classem scriptos habebat, Romam, ut urbi praesidio essent, mittit; ipse legione classica (ea legio tertia3 erat) cum tribunis militum Teanum Sidicinum praemissa, classe tradita P. Furio Philo collegae, paucos post dies Canusium magnis itineribus contendit. Inde dictator ex auctoritate Patrum dictus M. Junius, et Ti. Sempronius magister equitum, delectu edicto juniores ab annis septemdecim et quosdam praetextatos scribunt. Quattuor ex his legiones et mille equites effecti. Item ad socios Latinumque nomen ad milites ex formula5

1 Supplicia, anciently for supplicationes. In this sense it is particularly common in Sallust. As to Fabius, compare chap. 7, p. 292, note 4. 2 The place had already been made familiar with human sacrifices, a custom by no means Roman:' we should have translated imbutum by defiled,' if the word were not used of accustoming to what is good as well as to what is bad; for example, adolescens imbuitur studiis et virtutibus, as well as vitiis. Livy calls these sacrifices by no means Roman; but he cannot deny that the superstition of his countrymen carried them away occasionally into the practice of this abomination, only that the victims were foreigners. No doubt it was intended by the sacrifice of Gauls and Greeks to avert the calamity of the taking of Rome by a mighty foreign foe; and it appears that the Greek books of fate did not mention Carthaginians as enemies to be feared, else perhaps individuals of that nation might have been chosen in preference to avert the doom of fate.

3 This is the reading of the manuscripts and editions; but as-according to chap. 27, sub fin., and chap. 53, sub init.-the third legion had been all along engaged on land against Hannibal, we should probably read tertia decima. Teanum Sidicinum, now Teano, on the way to Capua, and not far from that city. The addition Sidicinum distinguishes this place from Teanum Apulum.

4 Or decem et septem, decem septem, septem decem-all of which forms have authority, whilst here septendecim is not at all confirmed by the manuscripts. However, on account of the negligence of editors, it is impossible to state with precision what is the form given in the best manuscripts. Compare Zumpt, § 115, note 2.

56 According to the contract,' the written agreement defining the rights and duties of the civitates Latinae and coloniae Latinae (which together formed the nomen Latinum), and of the civitates sociorum Itali

corum.

accipiendos mittunt. Arma, tela, alia parari jubent; et vetera spolia hostium detrahunt templis porticibusque. Et aliam formam novi delectus inopia liberorum capitum ac necessitas dedit: octo milia juvenum validorum ex servitiis, prius sciscitantes singulos vellentne militare, empta publice armaverunt. Hic miles magis placuit, cum pretio minore redimendi captivos copia fieret.

58. Namque Hannibal secundum tam prosperam ad Cannas pugnam victoris magis quam bellum gerentis intentus curis, cum captivis productis segregatisque socios, sicut ante ad Trebiam Trasimenumque lacum, benigne allocutus sine pretio dimisisset, Romanos quoque vocatos, quod nunquam alias antea, satis miti sermone alloquitur: non internecivum sibi esse cum Romanis bellum; de dignitate atque imperio certare. Et patres virtuti Romanae cessisse ; et2 se id anniti ut suae invicem simul felicitati et virtuti cedatur. Itaque redimendi se captivis copiam facere: pretium fore in capita equiti quingenos quadrigatos nummos, trecenos pediti, servo centenos. Quamquam aliquantum adjiciebatur equitibus ad id pretium, quo pepigerant3 dedentes se, laeti tamen quamcunque condicionem paciscendi acceperunt. Placuit suffragio ipsorum decem deligi qui Romam ad senatum irent; nec pignus aliud fidei quam ut jurarent se redituros acceptum. Missus cum his Carthalo nobilis Carthaginiensis, qui, si forte ad pacem inclinaret animos,5 condiciones ferret. Cum egressi castris essent, unus ex iis, minime Romani ingenii homo, veluti aliquid oblitus, jurisjurandi solvendi causa cum in castra redisset, ante noctem comites assequitur. Ubi Romam venire eos nunciatum est, Carthaloni obviam lictor missus, qui dictatoris verbis nunciaret ut ante noctem

1A war of extermination." To the following certare supply se. 2And that as his forefathers had yielded to the valour of the Romans, so he was exerting himself that,' &c. The Latin idiom is fond of connecting antithetical clauses by an et-et.

3On which they had agreed:' see chap. 52. The ablative of price with pangere, as well as pacisci, both verbs having to some extent the same signification. See Gram. § 157.

4 Any,' properly quamlibet, because absolute. Zumpt, § 706.

5If he should incline their minds (those of the Romans) to peace.' This is the reading of the best manuscripts. The common one, si inclinarent animos si Romani se inclinarent, excludes any agency of Carthalo, and such a state of mind in the Romans was rather more than Hannibal could venture to expect.

1

excederet finibus Romanis; legatis captivorum senatus ab dictatore datus est,

59. Quorum princeps M. Junius ' Patres conscripti,' inquit, 'nemo nostrum ignorat nulli unquam civitati viliores fuisse captivos quam nostrae. Ceterum nisi nobis plus justo nostra placet causa, non alii unquam minus negligendi vobis quam nos in hostium potestatem venerunt. Non enim in acie per timorem arma tradidimus, sed cum prope ad noctem superstantes cumulis caesorum corporum proelium extraxissemus, in castra recepimus nos; diei reliquum ac noctem insequentem, fessi labore ac vulneribus, vallum sumus tutati; postero die, cum circumsessi ab exercitu victore aqua arceremur, nec ulla jam per confertos hostes erumpendi spes esset, nec esse nefas duceremus quinquaginta milibus hominum ex acie nostra trucidatis aliquem ex Cannensi pugna Romanum militem restare, tum demum pacti sumus pretium quo redempti dimitteremur, arma, in quibus nihil jam auxilii erat, hosti tradidimus. Majores quoque acceperamus se a Gallis auro redemisse; et patres vestros, asperrimos illos ad condicionem pacis, legatos tamen captivorum redimendorum gratia Tarentum2 misisse. Atqui et ad Alliam cum Gallis et ad Heracleam cum Pyrrho, utraque non tam clade infamis quam pavore ac fuga pugna fuit. Cannenses campos acervi Romanorum corporum tegunt; nec supersumus pugnae nisi in quibus trucidandis et ferrum et vires hostem defecerunt. Sunt etiam de nostris quidam, qui ne in acie quidem refugerunt, sed praesidio castris relicti, cum castra traderentur, in potestatem hostium venerunt. Haud equidem ullius civis et commilitonis fortunae aut condicioni invideo, nec premendo alium me extulisse velim:3 ne illi quidem, nisi pernicitatis pedum et cursus aliquod praemium est, qui plerique inermes ex acie fugientes non prius quam Venusiae aut Canusii constiterunt, se nobis merito praetulerint,4 gloriatique sint in se plus quam in nobis praesidii rei publicae esse. Sed illis ut bonis

1 As to plus for magis, see Zumpt, § 725, fin.

2 Where the head-quarters of King Pyrrhus were in the winter of 280 B.C., after he had conquered the Romans on the Liris, near Heraclea. 3 For me efferre velim. See Gram. § 371, note 2.

4 Cannot have justly preferred themselves to us;' that is, have not acted justly, if they have preferred themselves to us.

ac fortibus militibus utemini, et nobis etiam promptioribus pro patria, quod beneficio vestro redempti atque in patriam restituti fuerimus. Delectum ex omni aetate et fortuna habetis; octo milia servorum audio armari. Non minor numerus noster est, nec majore pretio redimi possumus quam hi emuntur. Nam si conferam nos cum illis, injuriam nomini Romano faciam. Illud etiam in tali consilio animadvertendum vobis censeam, Patres conscripti, si tamen duriores esse velitis, quod nullo nostro merito faciatis, cui nos hosti relicturi sitis. Pyrrho videlicet, qui vos2 hospitum numero habuit captivos, an barbaro ac Poeno, qui utrum avarior an crudelior sit, vix existimari potest? Si videatis catenas, squalorem, deformitatem civium vestrorum, non minus profecto vos ea species moveat, quam si ex altera parte cernatis stratas Cannensibus campis legiones vestras. Intueri potestis sollicitudinem et lacrimas in vestibulo curiae stantium cognatorum nostrorum expectantiumque responsum vestrum. Cum ii pro nobis proque iis, qui absunt, ita suspensi ac solliciti sint, quem censetis animum ipsorum esse, quorum in discrimine vita libertasque est ? Sed si, me dius fidius,3 ipse in nos mitis Hannibal contra naturam suam esse velit, nihil tamen nobis vita opus esse censeamus, cum indigni ut4 redimeremur a vobis visi simus. Rediere Romam quondam remissi a Pyrrho sine pretio capti: sed rediere cum legatis, primoribus civitatis, ad redimendos sese missis. Redeam ego in patriam trecentis nummis non aestimatus civis ? Suum quisque habet animum, Patres conscripti. Scio in discrimine esse vitam corpusque meum: magis me famae periculum movet, ne a vobis damnati ac repulsi abeamus. Neque enim vos pretio pepercisse homines credent.'

60. Ubi is finem fecit, extemplo ab ea turba, quae in comitio erat, clamor flebilis est sublatus, manusque ad

1'As good and brave soldiers.' The orator himself despises those who have saved themselves, but still will not oppose their being looked upon as good soldiers.

2You; that is, your forefathers: hospitum numero, as friends to whom he was bound by the ties of hospitality; it might also have been in numero hospitum. See Gram. § 307, 1.

3 As to the origin of this exclamation, see Zumpt, § 361, note.

4 Indigni sumus qui redimamur, or ut redimamur, or, poetical, redimi. See Gram. § 360, 2, with note.

curiam tendebant, orantes ut sibi liberos, fratres, cognatos redderent. Feminas quoque metus ac necessitas in foro ac turbae virorum immiscuerat. Senatus summotis arbitris consuli coeptus. Ibi cum sententiis variaretur, et alii redimendos de publico, alii nullam publice impensam faciendam, nec prohibendos ex privato redimi;1 si quibus argentum in praesentia deesset, dandam ex aerario pecuniam mutuam, praedibusque ac praediis2 cavendum populo censerent; tum T. Manlius Torquatus, priscae ac nimis durae, ut plerisque videatur,3 severitatis, interrogatus sententiam ita locutus fertur. Si tantummodo postulassent legati pro iis, qui in hostium potestate sunt, ut redimerentur, sine ullius insectatione eorum brevi sententiam peregissem. Quid enim aliud quam admonendi essetis, ut morem traditum a patribus necessario ad rem militarem exemplo servaretis ? Nunc autem cum prope gloriati sint, quod se hostibus dediderint, praeferrique non captis modo in acie ab hostibus, sed etiam iis qui Venusiam Canusiumque pervenerunt, atque ipsi C. Terentio consuli, aequum censuerint, nihil vos eorum, Patres conscripti, quae illic acta sunt, ignorare patiar. Atque utinam haec, quae apud vos acturus sum, Canusii apud ipsum exercitum agerem, optimum testem ignaviae cujusque et virtutis; aut unus hic saltem adesset P. Sempronius, quem si isti ducem secuti essent, milites hodie in castris Romanis, non captivi in hostium potestate essent. Sed, cum, fessis pugnando hostibus, tum victoria laetis et ipsis 5

1 Prohibeor redimere, I am hindered from ransoming another,' is nothing extraordinary. See Gram. § 375. But prohibeor with the infinitive passive, as here, is somewhat odd: 'I am prevented from being ransomed;' that is, by another. Similarly, however, in iii. 28, we find Jam se ad prohibenda circumdari opera Aequi parabant, the Aequi prepared to prevent the enemy's works from being brought all round them.'

2 Praedes are sureties,' praedia estates handed over as security;' so that the general signification of praedium, farm, estate, piece of ground,' was derived from the fact that then, as now, landed security was thought the best.

3 So the manuscripts read, the editions generally videbatur. Livy's meaning is, people now may think he was too severe. This must be the meaning; for had he seemed too severe to most people thennamely, at the time when he spoke these words-the senatus consultum would have been different from what it was.

4 As to this ellipsis of a tense of facere or agere, see Zumpt, § 771. 5 And also having retired, most of them, into their camp. Et ipse is also;' the et, however, serving also as a copula.