Addunt pavorem mota e castris signa eorum, qui in praesidio relicti fuerant. Ita multiplici terrore perculsi Fidenates, prius pene quam Romulus, quique cum eo equis ierant, circumagerent frenis equos, terga vertunt; multoque effusius, quippe vera fuga, qui simulantes paulo ante secuti erant, oppidum repetebant. Non tamen eripuere se hosti: haerens in tergo Romanus, priusquam fores portarum objicerentur, velut agmine uno irrumpit.2

15. Belli Fidenatis contagione irritati Veientium animi et consanguinitate (nam Fidenates quoque Etrusci fuerunt), et quod ipsa propinquitas loci, si Romana arma omnibus infesta finitimis essent, stimulabat, in fines Romanos excucurrerunt, populabundi magis quam justi more belli. Itaque non castris positis, non expectato hostium exercitu, raptam ex agris praedam portantes Veios rediere. Romanus contra, postquam hostem in agris non invenit, dimicationi ultimae instructus intentusque Tiberim transit. Quem postquam castra ponere et ad urbem accessurum Veientes audivere, obviam egressi, ut potius acie decernerent, quam inclusi de tectis moenibusque dimicarent. Ibi viribus nulla arte3 adjutis, tantum veterani robore exercitus rex Romanus vicit; persecutusque fusos ad moenia hostes, urbe valida muris ac situ ipso munita abstinuit, agros rediens vastat, ulciscendi magis quam praedae studio. Eaque clade, haud minus quam adversa pugna, subacti Veientes pacem petitum oratores Romam mittunt.

indutiae datae.4

Agri parte multatis in centum annos

1 The ablative, because in true flight,' or 'because actually fleeing.' This clause with quippe is abbreviated for quippe qui vera fuga urbem repeterent, exactly as in English. Simulantes, accusative governed by secuti, refers to the Romans, and requires the supplement of fugam from the preceding clause.

2 Thus Fidenae was taken, and, as Livy incidentally mentions (i. 27), it was made a Roman colony. This, however-even if the statement can be depended on, which is very doubtful-did not in the least abate the hostile feeling of the inhabitants towards the Romans.

3Not assisted by any trick (ruse de guerre),' as was the case in the war with the Fidenates.

4 It was an Etruscan custom to make a peace for a specified number of years, as we shall often see in the continuation of Livy's history. This peace, however, at least according to Livy, did not last so long as was agreed to; for (i. 27) we find Tullus Hostilius, the third king of Rome, engaged in a war with the Veientes; unless, indeed, we assume that in that war, as well as in one mentioned in chapter 30, the state

Haec ferme Romulo regnante domi militiaeque gesta, quorum nihil absonum fidei divinae originis divinitatisque post mortem creditae fuit, non animus in regno avito recuperando, non condendae urbis consilium, non bello ac pace firmandae.1 Ab illo enim profectu viribus datis tantum valuit, ut in quadraginta deinde annos tutam pacem haberet. Multitudini tamen gratior fuit quam Patribus, longe ante alios acceptissimus militum animis. Trecentosque armatos ad custodiam corporis, quos Celeres appellavit, non in bello solum sed etiam in pace habuit.

16. His immortalibus editis operibus, cum ad exercitum recensendum contionem in campo3 ad Caprae paludem haberet, subito coorta tempestas cum magno fragore tonitribusque tam denso regem operuit nimbo, ut conspectum ejus contioni abstulerit ; nec deinde in terris Romulus fuit. Romana pubes, sedato tandem pavore, postquam ex tam turbido die serena et tranquilla lux rediit, ubi vacuam sedem regiam vidit, etsi satis credebat Patribus, qui proximi steterant, sublimem raptum procella, tamen velut orbitatis metu icta1 maestum aliquandiu silentium obtinuit. Deinde a paucis initio facto, Deum Deo natum, regem parentemque urbis Romanae salvere universi Romulum jubent ;5 pacem precibus exposcunt, uti volens propitius suam semper so

of Veii was not concerned, but only a number of citizens who acted independently of the government. The tradition on which Livy's story is founded leads us to think that the youthful city of Rome acquired strength and power at the expense of the wealthy Veientes, and that all the territory which the Romans at this time possessed on the north of the Tiber had been taken from Veii. This point is of some importance for the filling up of the story of Porsenna.

1 Livy says that all the actions attributed to Romulus were in harmony with the supposition that he was the son of a god; and with this remark he introduces the story of the circumstances under which the monarch's life terminated, and of his recognition as a divinity.

2 From this favourable advance the state grew so powerful,' &c. Profectus is a step forward.' Under Romulus the state began and made its first step to greatness.

3 Understand Martio.

4 Equivalent to perculsa, struck.' Compare v. 21, velut repentino icti furore; and xxvii. 9, nova re consules icti.

5 They shouted salve deus, salve Romule! a sign that they recognised him as an immortal, and consequently as still alive. Had they believed him to be absolutely dead, they would have uttered the sad cry of vale! The word pacem in the next clause has the force of gratiam, tutelam, ut ipsis benignus sit.

spitet progeniem. Fuisse credo tum quoque aliquos qui discerptum regem Patrum manibus taciti arguerent: manavit enim haec quoque, sed perobscura fama.1 Illam alteram admiratio viri et pavor2 praesens nobilitavit. Consilio etiam unius hominis addita rei dicitur fides. Namque Proculus Julius, sollicita civitate desiderio regis et infensa Patribus, gravis, ut traditur, quamvis magnae rei auctor,3 in contionem prodit. Romulus' inquit, 'Quirites, parens urbis hujus, prima hodierna luce coelo repente delapsus se mihi obvium dedit. Cum perfusus horrore venerabundusque adstitissem, petens precibus ut contra intueri fas esset, Abi, nuntia, inquit, Romanis, Coelestes ita velle ut mea Roma caput orbis terrarum sit. Proinde rem militarem colant; sciantque, et ita posteris tradant, nullas opes humanas armis Romanis resistere posse. 'Haec' inquit 'locutus sublimis abiit.' Mirum quantum illi viro nuntianti haec fidei fuerit, quamque desiderium Romuli apud plebem exercitumque facta fide immortalitatis lenitum sit.

17. Patrum interim animos certamen regni ac cupido versabat. Necdum ad singulos, quia nemo magnopere eminebat in novo populo, pervenerat : factionibus inter ordines certabatur.6 Oriundi ab Sabinis, ne, quia post Tatii mortem

6

In

1 Haec fama manavit, this report has gone abroad,' or 'become current-namely, the report that Romulus was murdered by the Fathers. Livy seems to think this story not an improbable one. the tradition of the translation of Romulus into heaven, we find only an attempt to account for the popular belief that he had become a god, and, as Quirinus, watched over the city which he had founded.

2 Pavor, fear, probably of the Fathers, towards whom the common people had no friendly feelings, and who, they must instinctively have thought, had killed their king. The pavor might also be explained as the natural consequence of the great tempest which had lately burst over them.

3A highly-trustworthy authority for any story, however incredible it might seem' (literally, for a thing however great'). Quamvis, used adverbially, equivalent here to quantumvis. Compare ii. 54, nec auctor quamvis audaci facinori deerat.

4 That is, to look him in the face.' When prayer was made to a god, the suppliant usually directed his eyes towards the ground.

5 The most ancient manuscripts have fides, and it is not improbable that Livy may have written so; for the genitive singular of the fifth declension ended originally in eis-thus fideis, contracted either into fides or into the ordinary form fidei. See Gram., § 73, note 2.

6The striving for the government (certamen regni) had not yet gone so far as single persons' (that is, the question was not whether this or that leading man should be made king), 'the struggle was rather by

ab sua parte non erat regnatum, in societate aequa possessionem imperii amitterent, sui corporis creari regem volebant; Romani veteres peregrinum regem aspernabantur. In variis voluntatibus regnari1 tamen omnes volebant, libertatis dulcedine nondum experta. Timor deinde Patres incessit, ne civitatem sine imperio, exercitum sine duce, multarum circa civitatium irritatis animis, vis aliqua externa adoriretur. Et esse igitur aliquod caput placebat, et nemo alteri concedere in animum inducebat. Ita rem inter se centum Patres, decem decuriis factis, singulisque in singulas decurias creatis,3 qui summae rerum praeessent, consociant. Decem imperitabant, unus cum insignibus imperii et lictoribus erat; quinque dierum spatio finiebatur imperium, ac per omnes in orbem ibat; annuumque intervallum regni fuit. Id ab re, quod nunc quoque tenet nomen,a interregnum appellatum. Fremere deinde plebs multiplicatam servitutem, centum pro uno dominos factos; nec ultra nisi regem, et ab ipsis creatum, videbantur passuri. Cum sensissent ea moveri Patres, offerendum ultro rati quod amissuri erant, ita gratiam ineunt, summa potestate populo permissa, ut non plus darent juris, quam retinerent.5 Decreverunt enim, ut, cum populus regem jussisset, id sic ratum esset,

factions between the orders that is, the dispute was rather whether the king should be chosen from the order or body (ordo, corpus) of the Sabines, or from that of the original Latin Romans. The manuscripts read a singulis, but ad singulos, a conjecture of Graevius, is unquestionably the correct reading.

6

1 Regnari, that there should be a king,' or 'that the government should be monarchical.' Expertus, the participle of a deponent verb, is used here passively. Compare i. 34, ad fin.

2 Incedere governs either the accusative or the dative. In Livy the former construction is the more common, particularly when the subject is a feeling or emotion of the mind, and the verb may be translated to seize, take possession of,' as here. The dative, however, even in a case of this kind, occurs in iv. 57, gravior cura Patribus incessit. See Zumpt, § 387.

3One being chosen for each decuria.' In, used distributively,

asp Even now (in the time of the republic) the name is in use:' for

during the republic an interrex was sometimes named by the senate, when by any chance there was no ordinary curule magistrate in the state; when, for instance, the elections were obstructed, and the time of one magistrate expired before a successor was appointed. Such an interrex, like those mentioned by Livy here, held office for five days.

5 Most of the manuscripts read detinerent, but this compound ('to hinder') does not seem very suitable.

si Patres auctores fierent. Hodieque2 in legibus magistratibusque rogandis usurpatur idem jus, vi adempta priusquam populus suffragium ineat, in incertum comitiorum eventum Patres auctores fiunt.3 Tum interrex, contione advocata, 'Quod bonum, faustum felixque sit '4 inquit, 'Quirites, regem create: ita Patribus visum est. deinde, si dignum qui secundus ab Romulo numeretur crearitis, auctores fient.' Adeo id gratum plebi fuit, ut, ne victi beneficio viderentur, id modo sciscerent juberentque, ut senatus decerneret, qui Romae regnaret.

Patres

18. Inclita justitia religioque ea tempestate Numae Pompilii erat. Curibus Sabinis habitabat, consultissimus vir, ut in illa quisquam esse aetate poterat, omnis divini atque humani juris. Auctorem doctrinae ejus, quia non extat alius, falso Samium Pythagoram edunt, quem Servio Tullio regnante Romae, centum amplius post annos, in ultima Italiae ora, circa Metapontum Heracleamque et Crotona, juvenum aemulantium studia coetus habuisse constat. Ex

1 Auctor is not only one who first mentions or produces anything, but also one who confirms and ratifies a thing, and thereby makes it take effect. Compare ii. 56, note.

2 And (still) at the present time.' Many manuscripts read hodie quoque, but a conjunction seems necessary for the connection.

3 This was an ordinance of the lex Publilia, passed in the year 339 B. C. (Livy, viii. 12, ad fin.). That law took away a great portion of the influence which the senate exercised over the democratic element of the constitution, the senate being made to give its formal assent to the resolutions of the comitia before they were passed. Here was the usus, all vis being taken away.

A common formal introduction to a legal document or set speech, similar to our 'In the name of God, amen, or to another Latin phrase in frequent use, quod bene vertat. In quod bonum, faustum, &c. observe the tautology, good, health (prosperity)-bringing, and fortunate." Such pleonasms are frequent in legal formulae: another occurs in the next sentence, sciscerent juberentque. The conjunction in such cases is very often omitted. Compare Zumpt, § 742, ad fin.

5 Equivalent to peritissimus, the usual expression juris (jure) consultus being here made use of.

6 Formed clubs of the youths who emulated (followed, adopted) his views.' The school of Pythagoras was distinguished by this peculiarity, that his disciples adopted not only his philosophical tenets, but also his political and moral principles, and were formed into clubs, which exerted themselves to gain political influence in the Greek states of Southern Italy, and thereby drew upon themselves political persecution. Livy justly discredits the statement of some old annalists, that the renowned wisdom of Numa was derived from Pythagoras. Its