prior non deficiet. Si prior defexit1 publico consilio, dolo malo, tum illo die, Juppiter, populum Romanum sic ferito, ut ego hunc porcum hic hodie feriam; tantoque magis ferito, quanto magis potes pollesque.' Id ubi dixit, porcum saxo silice percussit. Sua item carmina Albani suumque jusjurandum per suum dictatorem suosque sacerdotes peregerunt.

25. Foedere icto trigemini, sicut convenerat, arma capiunt. Cum sui utrosque adhortarentur, deos patrios, patriam ac parentes, quicquid civium domi, quicquid in exercitu sit, illorum tunc arma, illorum intueri manus, feroces et suopte ingenio et pleni adhortantium vocibus, in medium inter duas acies procedunt. Consederant utrimque pro castris duo exercitus, periculi magis praesentis quam curae expertes: quippe imperium agebatur in tam paucorum virtute atque fortuna positum. Itaque ergo2 erecti suspensique in minime gratum spectaculum animo intenduntur. Datur signum, infestisque armis velut acies terni juvenes, magnorum exercituum animos gerentes, concurrunt. Nec his nec illis periculum suum, publicum imperium servitiumque obversatur animo, futuraque ea deinde patriae fortuna, quam ipsi fecissent. Ut primo statim concursu increpuere arma micantesque fulsere gladii, horror ingens spectantes perstringit; et neutro inclinata spe torpebat vox spiritusque. Consertis deinde manibus, cum jam non motus tantum corporum agitatioque anceps telorum armorumque, sed vulnera quoque et sanguis spectaculo essent, duo Romani, super alium alius, vulneratis tribus Albanis, expirantes corruerunt. Ad quorum casum cum conclamasset gaudio Albanus exercitus, Romanas legiones jam spes tota, nondum tamen cura deseruerat, exanimes vice3 unius, quem tres Curiatii circumsteterant. Forte is integer fuit, ut universis solus nequaquam par, sic adversus singulos ferox. Ergo ut segregaret pugnam eorum, capessit fugam, ita ratus secuturos, ut quemque vulnere affectum corpus sineret. Jam aliquantum spatii ex eo loco, ubi pugnatum est, aufugerat, cum respiciens videt magnis intervallis sequentes, unum haud procul ab sese

1 Ancient form for defecerit. Compare i. 18, note on acclarassis. 2 A tautology, which occurs also in Terence, and in several other passages of Livy.

3 See i. 9, note.

abesse. In eum magno impetu rediit. Et dum Albanus exercitus inclamat Curiatiis, uti opem ferant fratri, jam Horatius caeso hoste victor secundam pugnam petebat. Tum clamore, qualis ex insperato faventium solet,' Romani adjuvant militem suum; et ille defungi proelio festinat. Prius itaque quam alter, qui nec2 procul aberat, consequi posset, et alterum Curiatium conficit. Jamque aequato Marte singuli supererant, sed nec spe nec viribus pares. Alterum intactum ferro corpus et geminata victoria ferocem in certamen tertium dabat; alter fessum vulnere, fessum cursu trahens corpus, victusque fratrum ante se strage, victori objicitur hosti. Nec illud proelium fuit.3 Romanus exsultans Duos' inquit 'fratrum Manibus4 dedi: tertium causae belli hujusce, ut Romanus Albano imperet, dabo.' Male sustinenti arma gladium supernes jugulo defigit, jacentem spoliat. Romani ovantes ac gratulantes Horatium accipiunt, eo majore cum gaudio, quo prope6 metum res fuerat. Ad sepulturam inde suorum nequaquam paribus animis vertuntur, quippe imperio alteri aucti, alteri dicionis alienae facti. Sepulcra extant quo quisque loco cecidit, duo Romana uno loco propius Albam, tria Albana Romam versus, sed distantia locis, ut et pugnatum est.

26. Priusquam inde digrederentur, roganti Mettio, ex foedere icto quid imperaret, imperat Tullus, uti juventutem in armis habeat: usurum se eorum opera, si bellum cum Veientibus foret. Ita exercitus inde domos abducti. Princeps Horatius ibat, trigemina spolia prae se gerens; cui soror virgo, quae desponsa uni ex Curiatiis fuerat, obvia ante portam Capenam3 fuit; cognitoque super humeros fratris

1 As, in the amphitheatre, a gladiator who has unexpectedly come off victorious is greeted with the applause of the spectators.

2 Also not.' Fully nec ipse. See Zumpt, § 698, ad fin.

3 And that was not a battle,' supply, but a butchery,' the Alban being unable to defend himself.

4 To the departed spirits of my brothers.' It may be noticed that Manes has a long; manus, the hand,' a short.

5 From above."

6 An irregularity for propius. See Zumpt, § 690, with note.

7 The adjective trigeminus is here used in the sense of belonging to the trigemini.' In the same manner we might say mors trigemina, by poetical license, for mors trigeminorum.

8 This gate was on the road to Capua, and received its name from that circumstance.

6

paludamento sponsi, quod ipsa confecerat, solvit crines, et flebiliter nomine sponsum mortuum appellat. Movet1 feroci juveni animum comploratio sororis in victoria sua tantoque gaudio publico. Stricto itaque gladio, simul verbis increpans, transfigit puellam. Abi hinc cum immaturo amore ad sponsum,' inquit, 'oblita fratrum mortuorum vivique, oblita patriae. Sic eat, quaecunque Romana lugebit hostem.' Atrox visum id facinus Patribus plebique; sed recens meritum facto obstabat: tamen raptus in jus ad regem. Rex ne ipse tam tristis ingratique ad vulgus judicii ac2 secundum judicium supplicii auctor esset, concilio populi advocato, ‘Duumviros,' inquit, 'qui Horatio perduellionem judicent,3 secundum legem facio.' Lex horrendi carminis erat: 'Duumviri perduellionem judicent. Si a duumviris provocarit, provocatione certato. Si vincent,5 caput obnubito; infelici arbori reste suspendito;6 verberato vel intra pomoerium vel extra pomoerium.' Hac lege duumviri creati, qui se absolvere non rebantur ea lege, ne innoxium quidem, posse,7 cum condemnassent, tum alter ex his 'P. Horati, tibi perduellionem judico' inquit: lictor, colliga manus.' Accesserat lictor, injiciebatque laqueum. Tum Horatius auctore Tullo, clemente legis interprete, 'Provoco' inquit. Ita de provocatione certatum ad populum est. Moti homines sunt in eo

1' Enrages,' not 'touches;' we must therefore mentally supply ira. 2 The manuscripts read ad, which must be changed either into aut or ac. We prefer ac, because, as is plain from what follows, the king had no doubt as to the condemnation of Horatius.

3 This strange construction must be explained by supposing the meaning to be something like this, who shall bring home perduellio to Horatius; that is, shall examine into the circumstances, and shall then declare Horatius to be guilty of the crime of perduellio. Perduellio is an act of open hostility, being derived from duellum, equivalent to bellum.

4 Compare i. 24, note.

5 Scil. apud populum, or in contione. The meaning, therefore, is, if the judgment of the duumviri, that perduellio has been committed, shall be confirmed by the people.

6 Arbori, an old form for arbore. Any wild barren tree might be called infelix arbor, but the reference in this law is to that arborum infelicissima, the gibbet. The imperative in the law refers to the judge, 'he shall hang him;' that is, 'cause him to be hanged.'

7 Because the law said nothing of malice prépense, or the circumstances connected with the murder, but mentioned merely the act itself.

8 In the law as quoted by Livy the expression is simply provocatione certato. We have here de provocatione, which must be taken in the

judicio maxime P. Horatio patre proclamante, se filiam jure caesam judicare: ni ita esset, patrio jure in filium animadversurum fuisse. Orabat deinde, ne se, quem paulo ante cum egregia stirpe conspexissent, orbum liberis facerent. Inter haec senex juvenem amplexus, spolia Curiatiorum fixa eo loco, qui nunc Pila Horatia'1 appellatur, ostentans, ‘Huncine,' ajebat, 'quem modo decoratum ovantemque victoria incedentem vidistis, Quirites, eum2 sub furca vinctum inter verbera et cruciatus videre potestis? quod vix Albanorum oculi tam deforme spectaculum ferre possent. I, lictor, colliga manus, quae paulo ante armatae imperium populo Romano pepererunt. I, caput obnube liberatoris urbis hujus; arbore infelici suspende; verbera vel intra pomoerium, modo inter illa pila et spolia hostium, vel extra pomoerium, modo inter sepulcra Curiatiorum. Quo enim ducere hunc juvenem potestis, ubi non sua decora eum a tanta foeditate supplicii vindicent?' Non tulit populus nec patris lacrimas nec ipsius parem in omni periculo animum; absolveruntque admiratione magis virtutis quam jure causae. Itaque ut caedes manifesta aliquo tamen piaculo lueretur, imperatum patri, ut filium expiaret pecunia publica.3 Is quibusdam piacularibus sacrificiis factis, quae deinde genti Horatiae tradita sunt, transmisso per viam tigillo, capite adoperto velut sub jugum misit juvenem. Id hodie quoque publice semper refectum manet: sororium tigillum vocant. Horatiae sepulcrum, quo loco corruerat icta, constructum est saxo quadrato.

same sense, 'regarding the appeal,' whether it should be favourably or unfavourably received.

1 The name of Pila Horatia (pila being the plural of pilum, but used in the sense of pila-ae, a pillar') was given to an ancient trophy in the Roman forum. This trophy, supposed by some to have consisted of three poles or columns on one pedestal, was connected by tradition with the Alban War and the Horatii.

2This same man can you see;' a lively repetition of the pronoun. See i. 19, note.

3 The expenses of the expiatory sacrifices were therefore paid out of the public treasury.

4 Which from that time were kept up by the gens Horatia.'

5 With his head covered,' equivalent to operto; for ad merely expresses the fact, that the covering now put on was in addition to his ordinary cap.

6 There was a plank laid from one house to another in a lane which led from the Forum to the street Carinae. This fact was connected by tradition with the murder of Horatia by her brother.

27. Nec diu pax Albana mansit. Invidia vulgi, quod tribus militibus fortuna publica commissa fuerit, vanum ingenium dictatoris corrupit ; et quoniam recta consilia haud bene evenerant, pravis reconciliare popularium animos coepit. Igitur ut prius in bello pacem, sic in pace bellum quaerens, quia suae civitati animorum plus quam virium cernebat esse, ad bellum palam atque ex edicto1 gerundum alios concitat populos, suis per speciem societatis proditionem reservat. Fidenates, colonia Romana, Veientibus sociis consilii assumptis, pacto transitionis Albanorum2 ad bellum atque arma incitantur. Cum Fidenae aperte descissent, Tullus, Mettio exercituque ejus ab Alba accito, contra hostes ducit; ubi Anienem transiit, ad confluentes collocat castra. Inter eum locum et Fidenas Veientium exercitus Tiberim transierat. Hi et in acie prope flumen tenuere dextrum cornu; in sinistro Fidenates propius montes consistunt. Tullus adversus Veientem hostem dirigit suos, Albanos contra legionem3 Fidenatium collocat. Albano non plus animi erat quam fidei: nec manere ergo nec transire aperte ausus sensim ad montes succedit. Inde, ubi satis subisse sese ratus est, erigit totam aciem, fluctuansque animo, ut tereret tempus, ordines explicat. Consilium erat,

4

qua fortuna rem daret,5 ea inclinare vires. Miraculo primo esse Romanis, qui proximi steterant, ut nudari latera sua sociorum digressu senserunt; inde eques citato equo nuntiat regi abire Albanos. Tullus in re trepida duodecim vovit Salios fanaque Pallori ac Pavori. Equitem clara increpans voce, ut hostes exaudirent, redire in proelium jubet: nihil trepidatione opus esse; suo jussu circumduci Albanum exer

1In consequence of a proclamation;' that is, after declaring war,' equivalent to ut bellum indictum gerant.

2Upon the assurance or agreement that the Albans would come over to their party.'

3 See i. 11, note on legio.

4When he thought he had ascended far enough (not to be pursued).'

6

6

5 Fortuna rem dat, Fortune gives a favourable settlement of the matter.' Qua-ea, on which side-on that side:' quo-eo might also have been used here.

6 Here we have another college of Salii founded, different from that mentioned in i. 19. For the sake of distinction, the earlier Salii were called Salii Talasini, from the situation of their curia; the later Salii Agonales, or, from the Collis Quirinalis, Collini.