Page 49 8. Sin bello (eos) persequi (Caesar) perseveraret. That Caesar is the subject is clear from the following pop. Rom. 9. Reminisceretur = he should remember. In oratio directa it would be reminiscere, or reminiscaris. So, also, tribueret, despiceret, committeret below. 10. Veteris incommodi. Alluding to the defeat of Cassius. 11. 1. Antiquus and priscus denote that which formerly existed, and is now no more, in opp. to novus: vetus and vetustus, what existed long since, and has no longer any share in the disadvantages or advantages of youth, in opp. to recens. Hence, antiquus homo is a man who existed in ancient times: vetus, an old man. 2. Vetus refers only to length of time, and denotes age, sometimes as a subject of praise, sometimes as a reproach: vetustus, refers to the superiority of age, inasmuch as that which is of long standing is at the same time stronger, more worthy of honor, more approved of, than that which is new. 3. Antiquus denotes age only in reference to time, as a former age in opp. to the present: priscus, as a solemn word, with the qualifying accessory notion of a former age worthy of honor, and a sacred primitive age in opp. to the fashion of the day. 4. Antiquus and priscus denote a time long past: pristinus, generally, denotes only a time that is past. Död. = 12. Quod .... esset that he had attacked, as to his having attacked. 13. Possent. The imperf. marks a continuing possibility; whereas the pluperf., adortus esset and transissent, mark a completed action. 14. Eam rem ; i. e. quod — adortus esset. his own valor. = he should not ascribe it very much to 16. 1. Spernimus rejicienda, fugienda; ut libidines: contemnimus magna, metuenda; ut pericula, mortem: despicimus infra nos posita; ut vulgi opiniones. Or, sperno, aspernor mean not to care for a thing, in opp. to appeto, concupisco; whereas contemno, not to fear a thing, in opp. to timeo, metuo; and despicio, despecto, not to value a thing, in opp. to suspicio, revereor, admiror. 2. Sperno denotes despising, as an inward feeling: aspernor, as an utterance of that feeling. In sperno, the notion of holding cheap, predominates: in aspernor, that of aversion or rejection. 3. Aspernor is confined to the simple avowal of aversion; whereas recuso includes the decided declaration of unwillingness. Död. 17. Ut.... niterentur = that they contended more by valor Page than (they contended) by artifice, or relied upon ambuscades. Sc. 49 contenderent after virtute. = 18. Quare. . . . proderet wherefore he should not cause that that place, where they (the Helvetii) had taken their stand, should take its name from the overthrow of the Roman people and from the slaughter of his army, or transmit the remembrance (of the event to posterity). CH. XIV. 1. His; i. e. what Divico had said. 2. Dari; i. e. by the speech of Divico. 3. Memoria teneret = 4. Eo .... accidissent he remembered. (i. e. he resented them the more indignantly), the less they had happened from the desert of the Roman people. The subject of accidissent refers to eas res above. = 5. Qui (referring to populi Romani). ... fuisset if they (the Roman people) had been conscious to themselves of any injury (i. e. of doing to them (the Helvetii) any injury, however trifling). Quis is the usual form of the indefinite pronoun after si, nisi, ne, num, &c., but aliquis is here used because there is strong emphasis. Zumpt says (V. Gr. § 708), Aliquis is used after those conjunctions which usually require quis, when it stands in an antithetical relation to something else, and, accordingly, has a stronger emphasis. 6. Cavere (sc. ab üs) = to be on their guard (against them; i. e. the Helvetii). 7. Deceptum: sc. esse populum Romanum. 8. Commissum (sc. esse) is impersonal and had been committed. = that any offence 50 9. Timendum: sc. esse sibi; i. e. populo Romano. 10. Num memoriam . . . . posse? could he (Caesar) forget also? lit. could he lay aside the remembrance also? 11. Eo invito against his (Caesar's) will. For the use of eo instead of se, V. V. n. 9. = 12. Quod .... pertinere their boasting so insolently of their victory, and their wondering that they had inflicted injuries so long with impunity, pertained to the same thing; i. e. to the way the gods conducted the affairs of men; as explained in the next sentence. Lit. that they boasted, &c.: the clauses beginning with quod being the subjects accusative of pertinere. 13. Ex commutatione rerum = from a change of circum stances. 14. Secundiores res = greater prosperity. Page 50 15. Quum.... sint = although these things are so. 16. Iis, the Helvetii: sibi, Caesar. 17. Facturos: sc. eos esse. 18. Ipsis is used to contrast the Aedui with their allies. CH. XV. 1. Movent; i. e. the Helvetii. 2. Coactum habebat : 3. Qui videant 4. Cupidius = - had collected. - to see. 5. Novissimum agmen the rear; i. e. the part of the army which is "newest" to those pursuing, since they come in contact with it first. Agmen is properly an army on the march; while exercitus signifies a disciplined army, and acies an army in battlearray. = 6. Alieno loco = in an unfavorable place: opposed to suo loco. 7. Quo proelio sublati elated by this engagement. 8. Pugna denotes, in a general sense, any conflict, from a single combat to the bloodiest pitched battle: acies, the conflict of two contending armies, drawn up in battle-array with tactical skill, the pitched battle: proelium, the occasional rencounter of separate divisions of the armies; as an engagement, action, skirmish. Död. 51 9. Audacius subsistere coeperunt = began to take a deemed it sufficient for the 12. Nostrum primum (sc. agmen) our van. 13. Quinis aut senis = five or six each day. Distributives are used because the custom of several days is referred to. CH. XVI. 1. Interea refers to a business of some duration, which takes place in a space of time, as in the mean time: interim, to a momentary business, as in the midst of this. They have the same relation to each other as a point of time to a space of time. Död. 2. Quotidie applies to things that are daily repeated; whereas in singulos dies, to things that, from day to day, are making an advance. Död. = = 3. Flagitare kept demanding. Publice for the state, in the name of the state. 1. Peto and rogo are the most general expressions for asking anything, whether as a request or as a demand; and stand, therefore, in the middle between posco and oro, yet somewhat nearer to a request: peto generally refers to the object which Page is wished for; whereas rogo, to the person who is applied to; hence 51 we say, petere aliquid ab aliquo, but rogare aliquem aliquid. 2. Postulo and exigo denote simply a demand without any enhancing accessory notion, as a quiet utterance of the will: postulo, more as a wish and will; exigo, more as a just claim; whereas posco and flagito, as an energetic demand: posco, with decision, with a feeling of right or power; flagito, with importunity, in consequence of a passionate and impatient eagerness. Död. = towards the north; more lit. 4. Sub septentrionibus under the north. Said in reference to Italy. 5. Ut ante dictum est. V. I. ad fin. 6. Suppetebat was at hand. 7. Autem. V. VI. n. 3. = 8. Quod.... subvexerat which he had conveyed up the river Arar in vessels: lit. which he had brought up with vessels by means of the river Arar. Navibus denotes the instrument, and flumine the means. Subvexerat, in its primitive sense: to bring up from below. = 9. Diem.... ducere put him off from day to day: more lit. were protracting (the affair) day after day. 10. Conferri . . . . adesse = that it was collecting (by individuals), bringing together (into one place), (and) at hand. Conferri refers to the delivery and the contribution from several subjects to the authorities of the place: comportari, the delivery of these contributions by the authorities of the place to Caesar. Död. 11. Se.... duci than he thought right. = that he was put off too long; i. e. longer 12. Frumentum. The stipendium, or pay, of the Roman soldier consisted of money and an allowance of clothes, armor, and corn. V. Smith's Dict. of Gr. and Rom. Antiquities, Art. Stipendium. He had to prepare and make bread for himself out of the corn. 13. Summo.... praeerat = held the office of chief magistrate. 14. Qui: referring, not to the magistracy, but to the magistrate invested with it. 15. Posset: sc. frumentum. 16. Sit destitutus = has been left destitute. CH. XVII. 1. Quod.'... proponit = discloses what he had previously passed over in silence. 2. Plurimum valeat = is very powerful. 3. Qui . ... . possint = who, though invested with no office, have more influence. Some read privati: the sense is essentially the same. 52 oratione = by seditious and wicked = 6. Quod .. perferre because it must be better, (they say; i. e. the qui privatim,) if they could no longer continue to hold the sovereignty of Gaul, (V. Ch. XLIII.: ut omni tempore totius Galliae principatum Aedui tenuissent), to bear the dominion of the Gauls (i. e. the Helvetii) than that of the Romans. The text is here various. et quae. 9. A se= by himself; i. e. as Vergobretus. 10. Quod . . . . sese = as to his having, being compelled by necessity, made known the affair to Cæsar, he clearly saw, &c. 11. Intelligo denotes a rational discernment, by means of reflection and combination: sentio, a natural discernment, by means of the feelings, immediate images, or perceptions, whether of the senses or of the mind: lastly, cognosco denotes a historical discernment, by means of the senses and of tradition. Död. CH. XVIII. 1. Pluribus praesentibus of so many lit. more (than usual) being present. 2. Solo: sc. Lisco. 3. Ipsum... audacia, etc. .... = = in the presence that it was Dumnorix him self, a man of the greatest boldness, of great personal influence, &c. 4. Rerum novarum = of a revolution. 5. Portoria = port duties, customs; i. e. duties on imports and exports. 53 6. Vectigalia is the general term for revenues, from whatever source derived. = 7. Redempta habere has farmed. The publicani, or farmers of the revenues, bought them of the government at the lowest price they could, and then collected them for their own use. = 8. Facultates ad largiendum magnas extensive resources for bribery. 9. Sumptus means expense, so far as it diminishes wealth and capital; allied to prodigality: impensae, so far as it serves to the attainment of an object; allied to sacrifice. Död. 10. Alo denotes nourishment, as conducive to development and growth nutrio, only as it prolongs and secures existence. Död. 11. Largiter posse has great influence. 12. Potentia, potentatus, and potestas denote an exte |