Rom. xiii.

God, who by his apostle hath given this commandment: Omnis anima potestatibus &c.: "Let every soul be subject to the higher power, &c. ;" which is to be understanded in all things that are not against God. And therefore, if any man be offended with me in so doing, the offence is taken, it is not given.

Chapter i. The Fifth Division.

T. C. Page 52, Sect. ult.

Again, for the stubborn papists, they take hereupon occasion to speak evil of and to blaspheme the truth of the gospel, saying that our religion cannot stand by itself, unless it lean upon the staff of their ceremonies, and persuade themselves that those were very well devised by their popes, [that they that are their enemies to their religion cannot be without. And hereupon they take occasion to hope that their other trumpery and baggage will in the end come in again; which causeth them to be more frozen in their wickedness, and shut their ears unto1 the truth, which possibly they would hear, if all hope of bringing in of their popery were cut off.

Jo. WHITGIFT.

This is but a mere fancy: for, first, it was brought into the church before their popes, whom they hold upon, invaded that seat; as it is afterwards declared. Secondly, they be not matters that they make any great account of. Thirdly, they know full well that we could be without them; and that we (but only for obedience' sake) do not much esteem of them. Wherefore this is an argument framed only upon light conjectures. But be it all this were true, shall we, for their fancy or fond judgment, refuse to do that which is lawful, which we may do, and which we are bound to do? Or, in making orders for the church, must we inquire what their opinion will be? Then pluck down churches, &c.; for of them they make a greater reckoning than they do of the surplice, or any other such like matter. I think verily that there is not one papist in England that doth take occasion upon any thing retained in this church "to hope that their other trumpery and baggage will in the end come in again ;" neither is there any cause in respect of them why they should so hope; and, if they do, yet I doubt not but that they shall hop without that hope. But a man may imagine, if he will, that there is ['Against, Repl. 2.]

a man in the moon, with a tree on his back, &c.; and you cannot let him.

Chapter i. The Sixth Division.

T. C. Page 53, Lin. 5.

And let it be observed, that throughout the realm there are none that make such clamours, and outcries, and complaints for these ceremonies, as they, and those that they suborn. They pretend, I confess, the queen's majesty's injunctions, and obedience unto them; but who is so blind as seeth not that they have another meaning? For I appeal unto the consciences of all that know them, whether they do it for any obedience towards her majesty, whose death should be a thousand times better news unto them than her grace's marriage.

Jo. WHITGIFT.

of papists

the ministers

to more cir

The more is the pity that they should have such just The clamours cause of "clamouring," and that those which should teach them should move obedience to God and their prince be examples to the con- cumspection. trary. A subtle and crafty papist will be glad of any cause of quarrelling: the more circumspect therefore ought the minister to be, in taking heed lest he give just cause of the same. But there be honest, godly, and zealous men also, that cannot abide such disorder and contempt, whom peradventure you would gladly stain with the note of papistry, as your manner is; and for my part I think it to be the part of all dutiful subjects to keep laws and orders appointed, and to see other keep them also, if they be thereunto called.

Surely he that is a papist indeed cannot wish well "to her majesty;" but, if he communicate with us in the sacraments, hear the word preached, and come to our churches, I will think and hope the best of him. But, if he refuse so to do (as there be divers such), so long as he so continueth, I must count him an enemy to religion, to the church, and to the prince, be he papist, anabaptist, or whatsoever. For he that in heart and in deed misliketh the religion, cannot like well of such as maintain the same.

The purity which can

bren Calvin, adv.

perfection is devilish.

Anabap.

Chap. i. The Seventh Division.

T. C. Page 53, Sect. 1.

There are also numbers of those which have all antichristianity in such detestation, that they cannot abide the least scrap of it, and, when they see the ministers wear them, they are grieved in their hearts, and they begin somewhat to fear, lest this communicating with the papists in apparel should make some way to those which use them the easier to admit other things, when they should be likewise commanded. And these brethren's minds are not to be lightly grieved; and the ministers, if they think to profit them, must cut away all occasion whereby they may have an evil opinion of them.

Jo. WHITGift.

M. Calvin, in his book against the anabaptists, after he had spoken something against the puritans and Donatists, hath this saying worthy to be noted: "Here, therefore, we may be admonished that, when, as under the pretence of the study of perfection, we can tolerate no imperfection, either in the body or in the members of the church, that then the devil doth make us swell with pride, and doth seduce us by hypocrisy, that he might provoke us to forsake the flock of Christ; knowing assuredly that he doth obtain the victory when he draweth us from the same. For, seeing either remission of sing or health is in no other place, although we outwardly bear the countenance of an angelical conversation,. yet, if we do with such boldness separate ourselves from the christian fellowship, we are become devils." If this be to be feared in such as shew this preposterous zeal against that which is blameworthy; what shall we think of those that, under the pretence of zeal, deface the minister and the word that he preacheth for doing that which is lawful, and the which of duty he ought to do? If the minister should apply himself to please the people, and such especially of whom you seem to speak in this place, his greatest study had need to be how to transform himself daily into a new shape.

But

['Hinc ergo moneamur, quum sub specie studii perfectionis imperfectionem nullam tolerare possumus aut in corpore aut in membris ecclesiæ, tunc diabolum nos tumefacere superbia et hypocrisi seducere, ut ad deserendum Christi gregem nos instiget certo sciens se victoriam obtinere, quum nos inde abduxit. Quum enim nusquam alibi sit aut remissio peccatorum, aut salus, tametsi vitæ plusquam angelicæ speciem præ nobis feramus, tamen si tali audacia nos separemus a christiano cœtu, simus diaboli.-Calvin. Op. Amst. 1667-71. Instr. adv. Anabapt. Art. ii. Tom. VIII. p. 363.]

most certain it is that you study too much to please the people; and that is the occasion of so many novelties, whereby they are most commonly delighted. Est natura hominis novitatis avida.

Chapter i. The Eighth Division.

T. C. Page 53, Sect. 2.

Seeing that therefore this kind of ceremonies in apparel harden the hearts of the papists, and cause them to be the stiffer in their popery, hinder the weak from profiting in the knowledge of the gospel, grieve the minds of the godly, are occasion of an evil opinion unto them of their ministers, we think that these ceremonies are to be removed, as not only not profitable (which they ought to be), but hurtful, if not to the ministers themselves that use them, yet to their people to whom they are commanded by God to have regard unto, in these things that are indifferent in their own natures. Now I will come to that which you set down.

Jo. WHITGIft.

Seeing that" not one word of that is true, and, if it were, yet the error and false persuasion of the mind rather to be reformed, than relented unto, I see no cause why this kind of apparel (being commanded) ought not to be used, except you will leave to every man liberty to do what him list, or suffer the fancies of some to rule prince, council, bishops, church and all.

1.Sam.ix. 28, 2 Matt.xxvi 48. Matt. xxvi.

73.

¶ That Ministers were known in times
past by distinct apparel.

Chapter ii. The First Division.

Admonition.

The eleventh :

In those days known by voice, learning, and doctrine: now they must be discerned from other by popish and antichristian apparel, as cap, gown, tippet, &c.

Answer to the Admonition, Page 53, Sect. ult., and

Page 54, Sect. 1, 2.

childish alle

To prove that in those days ministers were known Vain and by voice, learning, and doctrine, you cite the ninth of gations.3

[ 1 Sam. ix. 18. Adm.]

[3 This marginal note is not in Answ. 2.]

the first of Samuel, and the xxvi. of Matthew. In all that ninth chapter of Samuel there is not one word that maketh for this purpose, except you mean this, that, when Saul asked of Samuel where the seer's house was, Samuel answered again that he was the seer. If this be to be "known by voice, learning, and doctrine," the ignorantest minister that is may soon be known by his voice, learning, and doctrine; for, if you ask him, Where is such a man? he can answer you, I am he. In the xxvi. of Matthew, the first place, ver. 48, is this: "Now he that betrayed him had given them a token, saying, Whosoever I shall kiss, that is he lay hold on him." The multitude that came with Judas knew Christ by Judas kissing of him; therefore in those days ministers were "known by voice, learning, and doctrine." The second place in that chapter alleged, ver. 73, is this: "They that stood by said unto Peter, Surely thou art also one of them; for even thy speech bewrayeth thee." Peter was suspected by his speech to be a Galilean, and therefore one of Christ's apostles; ergo, a minister An argument was then "known by voice, learning, and doctrine." You upon the ad- may as well of that place gather thus: Peter preached not Christ then, but denied him; ergo, a minister must be known by denying of Christ. Lord God, what dare not these men allege for their purpose!

retorted!

versary.

A minister may be

known by his apparel.

I know that the chief tokens whereby a minister ought to be known is doctrine and learning; but you childishly abuse the scripture, and play with the same.

"Now," you say, "ministers must be discerned from other by popish and antichristian apparel, as cap, gown, tippet, &c." Do you think that, because a minister ought to be known by his voice, learning, and doctrine, therefore he may not be also known by his apparel? John the Baptist had peculiar apparel, and was known by it: Christ had distinct apparel from other; for his coat had never a seam.

[Calvin upon the xxiii. of Matthew proveth out of the xiii. chap. of Zachary, that the prophets were distinguished and known from other men by a certain and peculiar form of cloaks; and addeth, that it is

['Arguments retorted, Answ. 2.]