21 (Fam. 11. 6)

Scr. Romae XIII K. Iăn. a. 710 (44).

M. CICERŌ S. D. D. BRŪTŌ. IMP. CŌS. DESIG.

Lupus noster cum Romam sexto die Mutina venisset, pos- 1 trīdiē mē māne convenit; tua mihi mandāta dīligentissimē exposuit et litteras reddidit. Quod mihi tuam dignitātem commerdās, eōdem tempore existimō tē mihi meam dignitatem 5 commendăre, quam meherculē nōn habeō tuă căriōrem. Quārē mihi gratissimum facies, si explōrātum habēbis tuis laudibus nullō locō nec cōnsilium nec studium meum dēfuturum.

Cum tribūnī pl. ēdīxissent, senātus adesset a. d. xIII K. Iān., 2 haberentque in animo de praesidio consulum dēsīgnātōrum 10 referre, quamquam statueram in senatum ante K. Ian. nōn venīre, tamen, cum eō diē ipsō ēdictum tuum prōpositum esset, nefās esse dūxī aut ita habērī senātum, ut dē tuis dīvīnīs in

8. tribuni: see note on Phil. 6. 25. adesset: For mood see A. 565, a; B. 295, 1, 8; H. 565, 4; H.-B. 502, 3, a. 9. haberent: note change of tense. de... referre: 'submit the question

of the protection (of the senate) by the consuls elect (third Philippic, §37). consulum designatorum: subjective gen. Hirtius and Pansa, consuls designate for 43, are meant. Caesar had promised the consulship for that year to them and for the following year (42) to D. Brutus (see salutation above) with L. Munatius Plancus.

11. edictum: a proclamation in which Brutus had declared he would hold the province (cisalpine Gaul) for the senate against Antony (third Philippic, §8).

rem p. meritis silērētur (quod factum esset, nisi ego vēnissem), aut etiam, si quid de te honorificē diceretur, mē nōn adesse. 15 Itaque in senātum vēnī māne. Quod cum esset animadversum, 3 frequentissimi senātōrēs convēnērunt. Quae de te in senātū ēgerim, quae in contiōne maximă dixerim, aliōrum tē litteris mālō cognoscere; illud tibi persuādeās velim, mē omnia, quae ad tuam dignitatem augendam pertinēbunt, quae est per sẽ 20 amplissima, summo semper studio suscepturum et dēfēnsūrum. Quod quamquam intellegō mē cum multis esse facturum, tamen appetam huius rei principātum.

13. sileretur: impersonal-'that no mention should be made.'

14. adesse: same construction as haberi.

17. quae... dixerim: this refers to the fourth Philippic. in contione

maxima: 'to a very large gathering of citizens.'

18. illud: direct object--as tibi is indirect-of persuadeas. persuadeas velim: like velim scribas, Ep. 18. 30.

22. principatum: 'the leadership.'

C. SALLUSTI CRISPI

BELLUM CATILĪNAE

The historian Sallust was a younger contemporary of Caesar and Cicero, having been born in 86. He belonged to a plebeian family but entered early upon the cursus honorum, reaching the quaestorship about 60 and again in 49, the tribunate of the plebs in 52 and the praetorship in 47. He seems not to have held the consulship, but was governor (propraetor?) of Numidia about 45.

Sallust took an active if not a prominent part in the stirring events of his time. He was a follower of Cicero's enemy, Clodius, and in 50, when expelled from the senate for his disgraceful life, he joined Caesar, whom he served faithfully throughout the civil war. After his master's death he lived in quiet retirement, enjoying the wealth gained in his governorship and devoting himself to his historical work.

Of his books we have only the Catiline and a history of the war with Jugurtha. In these he tells of contemporary events, of many of which he was an eyewitness, and seems to have taken great pains to give the facts correctly. He is not careful, however, to preserve the natural sequence of events.

His style differs from that of Cicero in its evident attempt at brevity, in its use of obsolete or archaic words and forms, in its imitation of Greek phrases and constructions, and in its free use of such constructions as the ablative absolute and the historical infinitive. For example he writes -vos and -vom for classical -vus, -vum (e.g. novos, novom), vorto and voster for verto, vester, etc., and uses much more freely than Cicero such endings as -umus and -undus (for -imus, -endus). For color, honor, etc., he writes colos, honos; the genitive of senatus is senati; the 3d plural perfect indicative ends almost always with -ere.

Common features of his style are antithesis and chiasmus, coördination of indicative and historical infinitive in the same sentence, the use of a plural verb with a singular (collective) subject, the constant employment of such introductory words as at, igitur, interea, the correlation of pars ...

alii, etc. These will attract the reader's attention, and receive mention in the notes.

On the whole Sallust knows how to tell a good story, and with all his neglect of chronology his works have real historical value.

5. L. Catilina, nobili genere natus, fuit magnā vī et animi et corporis sed ingeniō malō prāvōque. Huic ab adulēscentiā bella intestina, caedēs rapinae, discordia civilis grata fuere, ibique iuventutem suam exercuit. Corpus patiens inediae 5 algōris vigiliae supra quam cuiquam credibile est. Animus audax subdolus varius, cuius rei lubet simulātor ac dissimulātor, aliēnī adpetēns suī profūsus, ārdēns in cupiditatibus; satis eloquentiae, sapientiae parum. Vāstus animus inmoderāta incredibilia nimis alta semper cupiebat. Hunc post dominā10 tiōnem L. Sullae lubidō maxuma invaserat rei publicae capiundae, neque id quibus modis adsequeretur, dum sibi rēgnum parāret, quicquam pēnsī habēbat. Agitābātur magis magisque in dies animus ferōx inopiā reī familiāris et cōnscientia scelerum, quae utraque eis artibus auxerat, quas supra memoravi. Incitābant

Catiline's birth, personality and ambi

tion.

5. 1-3. nobili:

'patrician' (cf. II. 12. 8, III. 9. 29, IV. 8. 4). genere natus: see A. 403, a; B. 215; H. 469, 2; H.-B. 413. vi, ingenio: 'characterized by' (A. 415; B. 224, 1; H. 473, 2, and note 2; H.-B. 443 and a). huic: with grata. bella, etc.: under Sulla when Catiline was 'in his twenties.' grata: neuter, modifying nouns denoting things, not persons (cf. II. 9. 13 and note).

4-6. ibi: 'therein.' patiens: SC. erat; so with animus audax, and with satis and parum, 1. 8. inediae, etc.: see A. 349, b; B. 204, 1, a; H. 451, 3; H.-B. 354; so for alieni, sui, 1. 7. supra quam: 'in a higher degree than.' cuiquam: cf. huic, 1. 2. cuius libet: from quilibet, the two parts separated by tmesis, rei: objective with simulator, dissimulator (A. 348; B. 200; H. 440, 2; H.-B. 354). How does this construc

tion differ from that of inediae, 1. 4?

7-10. satis, parum: substantive, subjects of erat to be supplied. Construction of eloquentiae, sapientiae? hunc: the man thus described. dominationem L. Sullae: see outline on III. 10. 10. rei publicae capiundae: 'of seizing (control of) the government.' Why not rem publicam capiundi? For case cf. rei, 1. 6.

11, 12. quibus: interrogative; what kind of clause? dum: 'provided' (A. 528; B. 310, II; H. 587; H.-B. 529). quicquam pensi habebat: 'consider it (quibus modis adsequeretur) a question of any importance.' In this idiom (not met in Caesar or Cicero) quicquam is adverbial (like nihil, I. 1. 3), and pensi genitive of pensum, pass. part. neuter, used substantively as predicate gen. of indefinite value (A. 417, a; B. 203, 3, a; H. 448, 1; H.-B. 356, 2); lit. 'hold it to be of weight at all.'

13. quae utraque: cf. grata, 1. 3.

15 praeterea conruptī cīvitātis mōrēs, quos pessuma ac divorsa inter sẽ mala, luxuria atque avaritia, vexābant.

14. In tanta tamque conruptă civitāte Catilina, id quod factu facillumum erat, omnium flagitiōrum atque facinorum circum sẽ tamquam stīpātōrum catervas habebat. Nam quicumque inpudicus adulter gāneō manū ventre bona patria 5 laceraverat, quique aliēnum aes grande cōnflāverat, quò flāgitium aut facinus redimeret, praeterea omnēs undique parricidae sacrilegi convictī iūdiciīs aut pro factis iudicium timentēs, ad hoc quos manus atque lingua periuriō aut sanguine cīvīlī alēbat, postrēmō omnes quos flagitium egestas conscius animus exagita10 bat, ei Catilinae proxumi familiārēsque erant. Quod si quis etiam à culpă vacuus in amicitiam eius inciderat, cotidianō ūsū atque inlecebris facile pār similisque cēterīs efficiēbātur. Sed maxumē adulēscentium familiāritātēs adpetēbat, eōrum animī mollēs etiam et fluxi dolis haud difficulter capiebantur. 15 Nam ut cuiusque studium ex aetate flagrābat, aliis scorta praebere, aliis canēs atque equos mercări: postremo neque sumptui neque modestiae suae parcere, dum illōs obnoxiōs

by assassination of citizens, the tongue by perjury.'

9. conscius: of guilt. exagitabat: The Greek and Roman mythology represents the guilty man or woman as constantly pursued and tormented by personal furies, armed with lash and torch.

11, 12. inciderat: 'stumbled into friendship with him' by accident. inlecebris: the word used by Cicero (I. 6. 8) in addressing Catiline in the senate.

14. fluxi: 'plastic.' dolis: means'by his devices.'

15, 16. studium: 'taste.' aliis. aliis: 'to some,' 'for others.' The infinitives are historical-used as subIstitute for what?