senātūs locus, nihil hōrum ōra voltusque mōvērunt? Patēre tua cōnsilia nōn sentīs, cōnstrictam iam hōrum omnium scientiā tenērī coniurationem tuam non vides? Quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris, ubi fueris, quos convocāverīs, quid 10 cōnsiliī cēperīs, quem nostrum ignōrāre arbitrāris? O tempora, 2 ō mōrēs! Senātus haec intellegit, consul videt; hic tamen vivit. Vīvit? immō vērō etiam in senātum venit, fit pūblicī cōnsilii particeps, notat et dēsīgnat oculis ad caedem ūnum quemque nostrum. Nōs autem fortēs virī satis facere rei 15 publicae vidēmur, sī istīus furōrem ac tēla vītēmus. Ad mortem tē, Catilīna, dūcī iussu cōnsulis iam pridem oportebat, in tē cōnferri pestem, quam tū in nōs māchināris. An vērō vir 3

ing all others; opposed to it are the words improbi, perditi. The gen. here is subjective (A. 343 note 1; B. 199; H. 440, 1; H.-B. 344); what in Palati, urbis, populi, senatus?

6. locus: see on 1. 4. horum: the senators. So in next line. ora voltusque: 'expression on the faces.' The conveying of an idea by two connected nouns instead of by a single modified noun is called hendiadys.

7, constrictam teneri: how different in meaning from constrictam esse? (A. 497, b; H.-B. 605, 5.) Habeo is more common than teneo in this use.

scientia: i. e., is powerless, because every one knows of it.

The strength of

a conspiracy lies in secrecy.

8-11. What places, times and measures are meant? Some of the men called together are named in Sallust's account of the Conspiracy. Among them were ten senators, four knights, and many from places in Italy outside of Rome. quem ... ... arbitraris: 'Who of us do you suppose does not know?' This is the principal clause, and all preceding (what kind of clause are they?) are objects of ignorare. Explain mood and tense o egeris. etc. nostrum: gen. plu. of ego, how used? arbitraris: In the present indicative of deponent verbs Cicero writes ris not -re. What

does he write in the future tense? cf. l. 1. O tempora, mores: acc. in exclamation (A. 397, d; B. 183; H. 421; H.-B. 399).

or

12. immo vero is used to correct a previous statement as either too weak too strong: which here? Trans. 'Lives, did I say? nay, he even,' etc. publici consilii: ‘a council of the state,' here the senate. The word consilium is used of any organized body taking common action. Cf. meaning and construction of consilii here and in 1. 11.

13, 14. unum quemque nostrum: 'every single one of us.' Nos: A. 295, a; B. 242, 1; H. 500; H.-B. 257. viri fortes: nom. The epithet is ironical.

15. istius Catilinae. This is the demonstrative used most frequently of one's opponent in court, debate, etc., and thus it often has a certain contemptuous force (A. 297, c; B. 246, 4; H. 507, 3; H.-B. 274, 4). See note on iste, 1. 2.

16. oportebat: literally 'It was fitting;' an impersonal verb with the infinitive clauses te duci and pestem conferri as its subjects.

Precedents for summary action, which nevertheless is postponed, §§3-5.

17. an: See A. 335, b; B. 162, 4, a; H. 380, 3; H.-B. 236. an vero: the words go with both interfecit and perferemus. Note the exact parallel and con

amplissumus, P. Scipio, pontifex maximus, Ti. Gracchum mediocriter labefactantem statum rei publicae privātus inter20 fecit; Catilinam orbem terrae caede atque incendiis vāstāre cupientem nōs consulēs perferēmus? Nam illa nimis antiqua praetereo, quod C. Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium novis rēbus studentem manu sua occidit. Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac rē pūblicā virtūs, ut virī fortēs ācriōribus suppliciis cīvem perni25 ciōsum quam acerbissimum hostem coërcerent. Habēmus senātūs cōnsultum in tē, Catilīna, vehemēns et grave, nōn deest rei publicae consilium neque auctōritās huius ōrdinis; nōs, nōs, dīcō apertē, consulēs dēsumus.

trast between the two members of the sentence in their subjects (vir and nos), appositives (privatus and consules), objects (Gracchum and Catilinam), participial modifiers (mediocriter labefactantem and orbem vastare... cupien tem), and verbs (interfecit and perferemus).

18. P. Scipio Nasica was at the head of the optimates who (133) killed Ti. Sempronius Gracchus.

19. privatus: Though pontifex maximus, Nasica held no political office at the time of the death of Gracchus. Privatus is opposed in meaning to magistratus, the general term for political officials, and here in particular to consules.

20. orbem terrae: 'the circle of land' around the Mediterranean, 'the whole earth.'

21. illa: 'the following precedents' explained by the clause quod . . . occidit (A. 297, b, c; B. 246, 2; H. 507; H.-B. 273, a). The plural is used either to imply that more precedents might be given, or with deliberate exaggeration. nimis antiqua: 'as too ancient.'

22. praetereo: Though he says 'I pass over,' the mere mention of the case called it before his hearer's minds. This is a favorite device of Cicero's. Sp. Maelium: Maelius was a rich plebeian who sold grain to the poor at low rates during the famine of 439. He was

accused of courting the favor of the people, with a view to making himself king, and was summoned before the dictator Cincinnatus to answer to the charge. On his hesitating to obey he was killed by Ahala, the magister equitum. novis rebus: See A. 367; B. 187 II, a; H. 426; H.-B. 364, 1. For meaning see phrase in Vocabulary under

novus.

23. ista: 'such,' not used of an opponent here, and so not contemptuous (see notes on 2 and 15). Note the strict use of the 'demonstrative of the second person': bravery on the part of such men as you (senators), in carlier times.

26. consultum: 'decree. For the formalities attending the passage of a 'consultum,' and the distinction between a consultum and auctoritas see Abbott, R. P. I. §§275, 287. Sallust (Cat. 29) says it conferred the right 'to raise an aimy, conduct war, restrain allies and citizens in every manner, and hold supreme authority, military and judicial.'

27. consilium: 'wisdom,' 'advice,' 'statesmanship.' In how many meanings is consilium used in this chapter? huius ordinis: the senate.

Explain the case of patientia (1. 1), consilia (7), nocte (9), consilii, quem (10), viri, rei publicae (14), consules (21), and mood of coercerent (25).

2. Décrevit quondam senatus, ut L. Opimius consul videret, 4 nē quid rēs pūblica dētrimenti caperet; nox nulla intercessit; interfectus est propter quasdam sēditiōnum suspiciōnēs C. Gracchus, clarissimo patre, avō, maiōribus, occisus est cum 5 liberis M. Fulvius consulāris. Similī senātūs consultō C. Mariō et L. Valeriō cōnsulibus est permissa rēs pūblica; num ūnum diem postea L. Sāturnīnum tribūnum pl. et C. Servilium praetōrem mors ac rei publicae poena remorata est? At nōs vicesimum iam diem patimur hebēscere aciem hōrum auctōritātis. 10 Habēmus enim huiusce modī senātūs cōnsultum, vērum

2. 1. quondam: In 121 Gaius Gracchus, tribune 123-122, had carried a series of measures tending to overthrow the power of the senate. The senate took advantage of a riot to pass the consultum ultimum (Abbott, R. P. I. §287), arming L. Opimius, the one consul then at Rome, against the revolutionists. Gracchus himself, his chief supporter M. Fulvius Flaccus, with the latter's young son and three thousand of their followers, were killed.

2. quid detrimenti: 'any harm' (lit., 'anything of harm'). For indefinite force of quid see A. 149, b; B. 91; H. 186; H.-B. 276, 1.

4. clarissimo patre: abl. of quality. The construction is slightly irregular. Such an abl., or equivalent gen., or adj., usually modifies a generic noun (homo, vir) in apposition to the proper name; but the generic noun is often omitted as here. The whole phrase means ' of most illustrious ancestry. occisus est: Note the position of this verb and the preceding in their respective clauses, gaining emphasis by inversion. The same is true of decrevit, 1. 1.

5. liberis: Really but one son was killed in the riot, and the plural is used by rhetorical exaggeration, as illa, 1. 24. C. Mario: What does C. stand for? (A. 108, c; B. 373; H. 354, 6; H.-B. 678, 3). Write the full name. Mario et Valerio: During their consulship (100) revolutionary measures were proposed

by L. Saturninus and C. Glaucia. In fear of violence the senate passed the consultum ultimum; and, in the conflict that followed, Saturninus and his followers were stoned to death in the senate house.

7. pl. plebis.

8. mors ac rei p. poena: 'the death penalty fixed by the State.' Name the grammatical figure, and quote an illustration from $1. rei publicae: subjective gen.; the Romans looked upon all punishments (originally fines) as belonging to the injured party, to whom the fines were in early times given as recompense or damages. remorata est: 'caused to wait.' The criminal is represented as always expecting punishment, and waiting for it to overtake him. The sentence in brief means, 'The nation's vengeance did not keep Saturninus and Servilius in suspense, did it?' vicesimum: in round numbers. Find the exact number (Oct. 22-Nov. 3), remembering that the Romans counted in the starting-point.

inclusum in tabulis tamquam in vagīnā reconditum, quo ex senātūs cōnsultō cōnfestim të interfectum esse, Catilina, convēnit. Vivis, et vivis non ad dēpōnendam, sed ad confirmandam audaciam. Cupiō, patrēs cōnscripti, mē esse clēmentem, cupiō 15 in tantis rei publicae periculis mē nōn dissolūtum vidērī, sed iam. mē ipse inertiae nequitiaeque condemnō. Castra sunt in Italiā 5 contra populum Rōmānum in Etruriae faucibus conlocata, crescit in diēs singulōs hostium numerus; eōrum autem castrōrum imperatorem ducemque hostium ntra moenia atque 20 adeō in senātū vidēmus intestīnam aliquam cotīdiē perniciem rei publicae mōlientem. Sī tē iam, Catilīna, comprehendi, si interfici iusserō, crēdō, erit verendum mihi, nē nōn potius hoc omnēs bonī sērius ā mē quam quisquam crūdēlius factum esse

huiusce see A. 146, note 1; B. 87, footnote 1; H. 178, 3; H -B. 138, 2, c. inclusum in tabulis: With what is the decree compared? Tabulae are here the blocks of stone or metal on which the laws were inscribed. They were hung up in public for seventeen days, and then deposited in the aerarium, the public treasury, in the temple of Saturn, in care of the quaestors.

con

12. interfectum esse venit: Give the tense and subject of convenit. What tense might have been expected for intcrfectum esse? See duci

oportebat, 1. 18 (A. 486, a; B. 270, 2; H. 618, 2). Sometimes with such verbs as convenit, oportuit, potui, etc., an apparent perf. passive (not active) infin. is found. In such cases the participle is to be regarded as a predicate adj. (cf. Gallia est omnis divisa), and not as forming a true perfect.

14. patres conscripti: The original members of the senate were all patricians, and were called patres; but, after the expulsion of the kings (509), some of the leading plebeians were admitted to the republican senate under the title of 'conscripti,' 'added to the roll.' term patres conscripti is therefore shortened from patres et conscripti; but so thoroughly was the origin of the phrase

The

forgotten that Cicero calls a single senator pater conscriptus.

15. dissolutum: 'lax.'

16. inertiae: case? (A. 352; B. 208, 2, a, H. 456; H.-B. 342).

17. In... faucibus: 'In the mountain passes of Etruria,' near Faesulae. This camp was temporarily under command of C. Manlius.

19. atque adeo: either corrects a previous statement, 'or rather,' or adds to and intensifies it, 'and actually.' Which here? Cf. immo vero, 1. 12.

21. molientem: What difference of sense would the use of infinitive moliri have given? comprehendi: same mood as interfici. si: What other conjunction might have been used? See on 1. 3.

22. iussero: translate a Latin future perfect after si, cum, ubi, by an English present. For the form of the condition see A. 516, a, c; B. 302, 1; H. 574; H.-B. 579, a. erit verendum. dicat: credo is parenthetical and ironical. Cicero might fear two opposite criticisms upon his conduct: (a) ne omnes boni serius factum esse dicant; (b) ne quisquam crudelius factum esse dicat. He really fears (a), so when speaking ironically be reverses the case and says: 'I shall have to fear, I suppose, not (a) rather than (b).' Trans. the whole: 'I

dicat. Vērum ego hoc, quod iam pridem factum esse oportuit, 25 certā dē causā nōndum adducor ut faciam. Tum denique interficière, cum iam nēmō tam inprobus, tam perditus, tam tuī similis invenīri poterit, qui id nōn iūre factum esse fateātur. Quamdiu quisquam erit, qui tē dēfendere audeat, vīvēs, et ( vīvēs ita, ut vīvis, multīs meīs et firmis praesidiis obsessus, nē 30 commovēre tē contrā rem pūblicam possīs. Multōrum tē etiam oculi et aurēs nōn sentientem, sicut adhuc fecerunt, speculābuntur atque custōdient.

3. Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod iam amplius expectēs, sī neque nox tenebrīs obscūrāre coeptūs nefāriōs nec prīvāta domus parietibus continēre vōcēs coniūrātiōnis tuae potest, sī illūstrantur, sī ērumpunt omnia? Mūtā iam istam mentem, mihi 5 crēde, obliviscere caedis atque incendiōrum. Tenēris undique; lūce sunt clariōra nōbīs tua cōnsilia omnia; quae iam mēcum licet

shall have to fear, I suppose, not that all loyal men will call my action tardy, but that some one will call it excessively cruel.' ne: What force after a verb meaning 'fear'? (A. 564 and note; B. 296, 2; H. 567, 1; H.-B. 502, 4).

25. certa de causa: explained by the rest of the chapter. Begin the translation with this phrase.

26-28. tui similis: In Cicero similis nearly always takes the gen. of nouns and pronouns denoting persons; and with nouns denoting things the gen. is rather more common than the dative. qui (ut is) fateatur: expresses result (A. 537, 2; B. 284, 2; H. 591, 2; H.-B. 521, 1), while qui . gives the closely related idea acteristic (A. 535; B. 283; H. 591, 1; H.-B. 502, 1).

audeat of char

Explain the case of detrimenti (2), Mario (5), aciem (9), rei publicae (21), mihi (22), me (23); mood of possis (30). Give principal parts of decrevit (1), cupio (14), crescit (18), audeat (28).

Warning and proof that the conspirators' plans are known, §§6-9.

...

3-5. parietibus: Synonyms: murus, wall in general; paries, wall of a house; moenia (cf. munire), walls of a city for defense. illustrantur: repeats the thought of nox . . . obscurare ... potest; erumpunt that of domus continere . potest. istam mentem: 'that purpose of yours' (see on 1. 2). mihi crede: 'follow my advice' (A. 367; B. 187, II, a; H. 426; H.-B. 364, 1). For case of caedis and incendiorum see A. 350, b; B. 206, 2; H. 454; H.-B. 350.

...

6, 7. licet recognoscas: See A. 565, note 2; B. 295, 6, 8; H. 564, II, 1; H.-B. 531, 2. What other mood might have been used for recognoscas? Meministine: = nonne meministi; -ne is often used for nonne, especially in questions