of William Arnold's strenuous life and premature death, to point out the rarity and beauty of the qualities he possessed, or to illustrate the seriousness of the work to which he gave his powers. Of his historical writing, the Editors of the Roman History chapters contained in this volume will speak. In this brief memoir, we propose to give a general biographical account, and to show his relation to journalism.

William Thomas Arnold was the eldest son and second child of Thomas and Julia Arnold, and was born at Hobart, Tasmania, on September 18th, 1852. His father, Thomas Arnold, was the second son of Dr. Arnold of Rugby, and Matthew Arnold's junior by less than a year. Moved by a young and democratic despair of the conditions of life, social and political, in the Old World, Thomas Arnold, like Philip Hewson, in the "Bothie of Toberna-Vuolich," his partial portrait indeed, at the hand of his dear friend, Arthur Clough, went out, in 1847, to seek for "simpler manners, purer laws" in the Colonies. He went to New Zealand, where Dr. Arnold had bought a little land some few years before. But the Oxford first classman, steeped in George Sand, Emerson and Carlyle, was not made for the rough-and-tumble conditions of an infant colony. He did his best; there was no idleness or shirking. But disillusion and disappointment were inevitable; and when, in 1849, Sir William Denison, then Governor of Tasmania, hearing that a son of Arnold's, with distinguised university antecedents, was in New Zealand, offered the young colonist the post of Chief Inspector of Schools for Tasmania, the offer was gladly accepted. Within a few months Thomas Arnold, the younger, had landed in Tasmania, and taken up his new work; he had also fallen in love with Miss Julia Sorell,

the grand-daughter of a former Governor of the Colony, and he married her on June 15th, 1850.

Rather more than two years later their son William was born to them. He was a sunny, good-tempered child, placid generally, and self-contained, but getting his own. way at times with the humorous determination he often showed in later life. A relation, for instance, gave him, on his fourth birthday, a little jacket, of which, as being no doubt a more masculine garment than he was accustomed to wear, he was vastly proud. A covetous elder sister of five tried to coax it out of him, and when baffled, declared that selfish boys could not go to heaven. Willy protested that he was certainly going there, and then added, hugging his jacket to him, "but I'll go with my jacket on my jacket on though!" The sister and brother, a pair of happy companions, played together in Tasmanian fields, till, in 1856, dark days came upon the family. Thomas Arnold, after various vicissitudes of thought and belief, joined the Church of Rome in that year, and his position of Chief Inspector of the Colony's schools became untenable. He sailed for England in the autumn of 1856, with his wife and three young children.

It was a difficult and uncertain life to which he and they were going. He was without money or prospects at the time of his return; yet not without friends. Within a few months, he had been offered the professorship of English Literature in the new Catholic University of Dublin, of which Dr. Newman was the head, and for the next five years the family home was fixed in Ireland. Years of straightened means and constant struggles, passed in dismal furnished houses in Rathmines or Kingstown, with only the joys of the wide Kingstown sands, their gulls and their cockles, or the excitement of the storms in winter dashing against their little house on the sea-wall, or the

delight of the yearly box, in which the kind Tasmanian relations sent presents for father, mother and children, to brighten a record marked by few of the pleasures now lavished on the modern child. But throughout this time of poverty and stress, Thomas Arnold's old home, Fox How, -the grey stone house and beautiful garden in the Lakes, where Arnold of Rugby had passed his holidays-was often a place of paradise to the Tasmanian children. The delights of the garden; of its brook, which could be dammed and bridged by the third generation, as Matthew Arnold and his brothers and sisters had dammed and bridged it in the second; the charm of its wooded knolls, its wild strawberry beds, its rocks where the wild pinks grew, its hidden thickets of wild raspberries, its border of wood above the rippling or swirling Rotha; the humours of its old gardener, Banks, who gave out the Psalm and hymn-tunes on Sunday, in Rydal Chapel, with a tuningfork; its beloved birch-tree, its outlook on the deep bosom of Fairfield, its roses and its rhododendrons, these things sank deep into young hearts, and William Arnold's love of the Lakes, and of all the detail of their streams and hills, must be dated from these childish days. Nor was it only the garden and the fells that made their mark. Inside the house there were the influences of a home life which had been moulded by the personality of Arnold of Rugby, by his high intelligence, his unworldliness, his religious faith. The Doctor indeed was gone. Of his nine children. only one-Frances, the youngest daughter-was still at home and unmarried. But his widow, wonderfully helped by "Aunt Fan," still held the family together, was still the idol of her children, scattered as they were over the world, and was now to become the friend and good angel of her grandchildren. William Arnold was always peculiarly devoted to her. Her gentleness, her clear brain,

her sympathy with children, her sense of fun, made even delightful Fox How more delightful. To tuck oneself up on the sofa beside "Grandmamma " while she told a story, to be shown the treasures of a little cabinet behind the sofa, which contained many relics of the Penroses from whom "Grandmamma " descended, to say one's hymn to her on Sunday afternoon, or to be promoted to drive with her to Rydal or Ambleside,-these were among the chief pleasures of the fast-increasing grandchildren; and there are many signs in Willy Arnold's letters from Rugby and Oxford which show how deeply Mrs. Arnold's personality and the Fox How influences generally had touched his affections as a child.

And as he grew older there were other houses of the Arnold kindred open to him, where he spent happy hours and learnt the love of nature. Woodhouse, near Loughborough, a small estate on the edge of Charnwood Forest, where lived Arnold's second daughter, then Mrs. Hiley, was a happy hunting ground to Willy, as to his brothers and sisters. "Isn't the avenue of limes near the Long Pond beautiful?" he asks eagerly in a childish letter written from Woodhouse when he was ten. And here, too, the mistress of the house, and the atmosphere surrounding her, were of importance to the boy's development. Mrs. Hiley-“ Aunt Mary"—was always a special friend to her brother Tom's children, and her generous impetuous character will never be forgotten by those who knew her. A Liberal and reformer, as befitted her father's daughter, in the midst of a Tory countryside, a follower of Maurice and Kingsley in her ardent youth, keeping to the end of her life the same eager temperament, the same interest in religious and political discussion, "Aunt Mary," with her fine rugged face and keen dark eyes, was, even for a child, a very stimulating companion. The influence on

Willy Arnold of her passionate Liberalism, her natural love of equality, her sympathy with and understanding of peasant life, was renewed in many later visits, and he often spoke of it in later life. There were also another kind aunt and uncle, Mr. and Mrs. Cropper, of Dingle Bank, Liverpool, with whom the little boy passed happy weeks and months, in a house and grounds beside the Mersey, where he might spend his quick wits day by day in the watching of the tidal river and its shipping.

Meanwhile the struggle with poverty and a constantly increasing family had been somewhat lightened for Thomas Arnold and his high-spirited overburdened wife, by his appointment to the Classical Mastership of the Oratory School, Birmingham, of which John Henry Newman had recently become the head. The household moved to Edgbaston in January, 1862, and the two elder boys, Willy and Theodore, entered the Oratory School. By the terms of a compact then common in such cases, it had been agreed at the time of the father's conversion. to Catholicism that the boys should follow his faith and the girls the mother's. But Catholicism never laid any hold upon the boys, owing no doubt to the influence of their mother and of the Arnold and Fox How traditions. Willy, especially, often recalled in later years the determination he had formed, even as a child in the Oratory School, to give it up as soon as he should be of an age to do so. But any conflict between father and son was averted by a temporary change in Tom Arnold's own opinions. Influenced by causes that he himself describes in his "Passages from a Wandering Life," he left the Church of Rome and broke off his connection with Dr. Newman, after three years at the Oratory. Old friendshis own and his father's-encouraged him to settle as a private tutor at Oxford; and thither the family moved in the summer of 1865.