Page. these manners that are now prevalent.—Quin contendat, "who does 3 not seek to vie." Quin is here equivalent to qui non. "new 5. Homines novi. "Men of humble origin." Literally, men." Those who were the first of their family that had raised themselves to any curule office, were called among the Romans, homines novi, in allusion to their recent admission among the nobility. 6. Furtim et per latrocinia. "By private intrigue and open fraud." The acts of peculation, and official plunder, of which the Roman magistrates were so frequently guilty, are here stigmatized, and they are spoken of as actually affording the means for farther advancement in the state. Sallust himself is open to this charge.-After potius we have rejected from the text, with some of the best editions, the words quam bonis artibus, as the idea is sufficiently expressed by per virtutem which precedes. 7. Ac non perinde habeantur. "And are not to be estimated according to the merit of those who fill them." Ac is more frequently employed after perinde than ut. But its occurrence at the beginning of the clause prevents its being again employed on the principle of euphony. 8. Liberius altiusque. "Too freely and too far." Compare remarks under note 1, page 1.-Redeo. Put here for eo, i. e. venio, the compound for the simple. "I now come to my subject." 9. Jugurtha. Consult Historical Index.-Numidarum. Numidia answers in some measure to the modern Algiers. Consult Geographical Index. 10. Atrox. "Bloody."-Variaque victoria fuit. “And the success was various," i. e. and marked by various turns of fortune; victory inclining sometimes to the side of the Romans, and then again to that of Jugurtha. 11. Obviam itum est. "Successful opposition was made.”—Divina et humana cuncta. "All things religious and civil," i. e. the whole state. Studiis civilibus, "to the dissensions of the state," or simply, “civil dissensions.” With faceret understand solum or tantum, "only." 12. Pauca supra repetam. "I will take a brief review." 13. Quo, ad cognoscendum, &c. "In order that all things may be clearer, and placed in a more distinct point of view, for the purpose of being thoroughly understood." Ad cognoscendum, literally, "for the knowing of them." The gerund, according to the grammarians, is here taken in a passive sense. The change of meaning, however, is rather owing to the idiom of modern languages, as appears from the literal force of ad cognoscendum. Page. 3 4 14. Bello Punico secundo. Consult Historical Index, for an account of the Punic wars, and also for some mention of the Carthaginians, Hannibal, and Masinissa, under their respective heads. Post magnitudinem nominis Romani. "Since the Roman name became illustrious." 15. Cui postea Africano, &c. The term Africano is here put in the dative by attraction to the dative of the person. In rendering the clause, Africano must be taken as equivalent to Africani or Africanus. Thus, Est mihi nomen Joanni, "my name is John;" for Est mihi nomen Joannis, (or Joannes.) 16. Praeclara rei militaris facinora. "Brilliant military exploits." Consult note 4, page 2.-Syphace. Consult Historical Index. The proper name Syphax is said to have the penult of the genitive common. It is on the contrary always long, for the line in Claudian (Bell. Gild. 91.) where the short quantity occurs, Compulimus dirum Syphacem, fractumque Metello," is now altered in the best editions, after a conjecture of Barth's, and we read Hanibalem for Syphacem. 17. Regi. Referring to Masinissa. 66 18. Imperii vitaeque ejus, &c. The grant of the Romans ceased with the life of Masinissa. His son Micipsa reigned merely over that part of Numidia which had originally belonged to his parent. Cirta, and the portion of Numidia which Syphax had possessed, were formed into a Roman province. Hence imperii in the text refers to the empire of Masinissa in its full extent, embracing what he had received from the Romans. 1. Absumtis. Being carried off.” 2. Eodem cultu, &c. "He reared at home in the same way as he did his own children." Cultus here has reference to every thing connected with the rearing of youth. It may be rendered more literally by the term "education." Thus, "he kept at his court, and trained up by the same system of education," &c. 3. Luxu. The old dative for luxui.-Corrumpendum. "To be corrupted by them." Literally, "for a corrupting by means of them." Understand illis in the ablative, and consult note 13, page 3. 4. Equitare, jaculari, &c. "He engaged in feats of horsemanship, he learned to throw the lance," &c. The infinitive is here put for the imperfect of the indicative, a practice of which Sallust is perhaps fonder than any other writer. Grammarians term it the historical infinitive, as being principally used in historical narratives, in order to give an air of rapidity and animation to the sentence. This construction is usually explained by an ellipsis of coepit or cos Page. perunt, which may often be supplied; in other cases, however, it 4 will not accord with the sense. "And though he surpassed 5. Et, cum omnis gloria anteiret. all in reputation." Omnis is put for omnes. 1.-Esse, for erat. Consult note 4. So also we have in this same sentence, agere for agebat, ferire for feriebat, facere for faciebat, and loqui for loquebatur. 6. Hominem adolescentem. "The young man." Sallust, by a species of archaism (note 9, p. 1.) here uses adolescens, with homo expressed, as a verbal adjective. Adolescens is, strictly speaking, a verbal, and means "one growing up.”—Exacta sua aetate. “His own age being far advanced." 7. Magis magisque crescere. "Increased more and more in reputation." Crescere is here the ordinary infinitive, preceded in construction by hominem adolescentem. 66 8. Avida imperii, &c. Eager after power, and hurried headlong to the gratification of its ruling propensity." Animi cupidinem is an archaism for cupidinem alone.-Opportunitas suaeque, &c. “The favourable opportunity afforded by his own and the age of his children, a circumstance which leads even moderate men astray by the hope of self-aggrandizement." 66 9. Seditio." Insurrection."—Bellum. -Anxius. "Apprehensive." "War," i. e. civil war. 10. Popularibus. "To his countrymen." 11. Numantino. Consult Geographical Index.-Cum mitteret. Being engaged in sending."-Ostentando virtutem. "In ostenta tiously displaying his valour."-Saevitia. "By the furious bravery." 12. Impigro atque acri ingenio. turn of mind."-P. Scipionis. Aemilianus.-Morem hostium. by the enemy." "Of a quick and penetrating The younger Africanus, called also "The mode of fighting practised 1. Quorum alterum. Referring to his being wise in council.- 5 Adferre. "To generate." 2. Res asperas. "Difficult enterprises."-Agere for agebat; so habere for habebat, and amplecti for amplectebatur. This peculiarity in Sallust's style need no longer be noted by us. The student will easily discover it himself. (Consult note 4, page 4.)-Magis magisque, &c. "He became more and more attached to him every day." 3. Munificentia animi, &c. "A generosity of spirit and shrewdness of intellect."-Quis for quibus. 4. Potiores. "Possessed of more charms."-Domi. "At home," i. e. at Rome.-Apud socios clari magis quam honestr. "Men ra Page. 5 ther of note among our allies, than really possessed of integrity." Equivalent to magnam potius quam bonam famam habentes. 5. Non mediocrem animum. "The ambitious spirit." 6. Romae omnia venalia esse. Meaning that he could purchase, if he pleased, the kingdom of Numidia from the Romans, after the death of Micipsa. The power of Jugurtha's bribes will be seen in the course of the narrative. 7. Revorti. An archaism for reverti.-Praetorium. "The gene ral's tent.," i. e. his own (Scipio's) tent. The name of praetor was anciently common to all the Roman magistrates, and, in its primitive acceptation, means a commander, or general. (Is qui praeit jure et exercitu. Varro.) The term praetorium is often used to denote not only the tent of the commander, but also the space around for his retinue and body-guard; not, however, in this passage. 8. Publice, quam privatim. 66 Publicly rather than privately," i. e. by public services, rather than by private interest.—Quibus for aliquibus.-Periculose a paucis emi, &c. Implying that the kingdom of Numidia belonged to the whole Roman people, and not to a few of the nobility. That if he sought to obtain it from the latter by bribery, he would only be exposing himself to danger. 9. In suis artibus. "In the exercise of those abilities which he possessed."-Ultro. "Of their own accord," i. e. without any exertion on his part.-Properantius. "Too eagerly," i. e. should attempt to expedite his elevation to the throne by bribery. 10. Pro nostra amicitia. "As a friend." Literally, "in consideration of our mutual friendship." 11. Igitur rex, &c. "The king, therefore, when he learned from the general's letter, that the things which he had heard from rumour were true." Ita esse, equivalent to ita esse uti acceperat. "Were so as he had heard."-Cum virtute viri, &c. " Strongly influenced both by the merit of the man, and his popularity with the Romans.” 61. Cum Jugurtha. The presence of the preposition marks the familiar nature of the address to Jugurtha, which approached in fact to a conversation. ," i. e. as one of my 2. In meum regnum. "Into my kingdom," heirs. In this assertion of Micipsa there was evidently no truth, and Jugurtha himself, as appears from the beginning of the next chapter, viewed it in this light.-Existumans non minus, &c. "Thinking that I would be no less dear to you, than to my own children, in case I should become the father of any." According to this declaration of Micipsa, he adopted Jugurtha before he had any offspring of his own The want of truth in this assertion speaks for itself. Page. 3. Neque ea res falsum habuit. Understand me. "Nor did that 6 expectation deceive me." Falsum habuit is equivalent to fefellit.Tua. Understand facta, in the sense of "exploits." 4. Gloria honoravisti. "Thou hast decked with glory."-Nomen familiae renovatum. "The name of our family has been revived." It had been previously rendered illustrious by the exploits of Massinissa. 5. Per regni fidem. "By the fidelity you owe my kingdom," i. e. as received into a share of it, and made one of its members. Alluding to his adoption, and the obligation he was consequently under of aiding and defending the throne.-Beneficio meo. "By my kindness towards you." Alienos. "Strangers." Alluding to his having adopted him. 6. Non exercitus, &c. This beautiful idea is borrowed from the dying speech of Cyrus, in Xenophon, Cyrop. s. 7, 14.-Officio et fide. "By kind offices, and by the exercise of fidelity."—Quis autem. " Now, who."-Amicior. Understand debet esse.-Tuis. "To your own relations." 66 8. Ne aliter quid eveniat. "That nothing may happen contrary to my wishes," i. e. literally, "otherwise than I could wish."-Opu lentior. "The more powerful." This term literally means, "powerful in resources," pollens opibus.-Colite, observate. Cherish, respect."-Hunc. The pronoun indicates the proximity of Jugurtha to the couch of the dying monarch.-Sumsisse. "To have adopted." The more usual, but less accurate, form, is sumpsisse. 9. Ficta. "Insincerely." Literally, "mere fictions."-Pro tem pore, &c. "Gave an affectionate answer, suited to the occasion." Pro tempore, literally, in consideration of the occasion. 1. Justa. "His obsequies." Understand funera. We have it 7 expressed in Caesar. B. G. 6, 19, Justis funeribus confectis.-Reguli. "The princes." Adherbal, Hiempsal, and Jugurtha. The term regulus is here employed, not so much with reference to their age, as to the division of the kingdom among them. It denotes properly "a petty monarch."-Minumus. "The youngest." Un derstand natu. 2. Ferox. "Violent."-Ignobilitatem Jugurthae. "The ignoble birth of Jugurtha." Quia materno genere impar erat. "Because his origin was base on the mother's side." Literally, "because he was unequal, or inferior," &c. The allusion is to Jugurtha's having been born of a concubine. 3. Dextra Adherbalem adsedit. "Sat down on the right hand of Adherbal." The accusative Adherbalem is governed by ad in com |