Page. 7position. Dextra is here equivalent to a dextra-Fatigatus a fatre. "Being wearied out by the importunities of his brother."In partem alteram. "To the opposite side.' 4. Cum multa dissererent. “In the midst of a long discussion.”Jacit. "Throws out the remark," i. e. proposes.-Rescindi. “Should be repealed."-Parum animo valuisse. Had not been strong in mind.” His judgment had been impaired by age and sickness, according to Jugurtha. 5. Ipsum illum. Referring to Jugurtha.-Quod verbum, &c. "This remark sank more deeply into the bosom of Jugurtha," &c. -Ira et metu anxius. "Distracted with rage and fear.”—Moliri. "He plotted."-Parare. "He contrived."-Tardius. "Too slowly," i. e. tardius quam voluerat. "More slowly than he wished." 6. Propter dissensionem. "To prevent mutual disputes.”— Maturius. 65 "First." Literally, "sooner."-Loca propinqua thesauris. It seems to have been the custom with the monarchs of that land to keep the royal treasures in several strongholds. Thus, in the 37th chapter of this history, the town Suthul is mentioned, as having been employed for that purpose; in the 75th chapter, Thala; in the 92d chapter, a castle is spoken of; and Strabo finally calls Capsa, τὸ γαζοφυλάκιον τοῦ Ἰουγούρθα. 7. Proxumus lictor. "Chief lictor." i. e. chief attendant. The lictors went before those whom they attended, one by one, in a regular line. The foremost was called lictor primus, and the hindmost, who immediately preceded the magistrate, was called lictor proximus, or postremus, and used to receive and execute the commands of the individual on whom he attended. Masinissa had been allowed by the Roman senate to assume the badges of curule magistracy, in consideration of his valuable services. In this way, lictors became a part of the retinue of the Numidian monarchs. Some, however, suppose that Sallust merely uses the term lictor on this occasion in accordance with the custom of other Roman writers, who applied terms, which only suited the institutions of their own country, to the customs and usages of other nations. 8. Quem ministrum. "Which tool."-Clavis adulterinas. "False keys." Clavis for claves. The gates of the house, not, as some maintain, of the city, are meant.-Venturum. To the city, namely, where Hiempsal was residing. 9. Diversi. "In different directions." Literally, "taking different routes."-Occursantes. "Meeting them."—Strepitu et tumultu. "With uproar and confusion."-Tugurio mulieris ancillae. "In an obscure apartment, belonging to a maid-servant." Tugu rium is here employed to denote a mean or poor apartment, such as slaves were lodged in. With regard to the expression mulieris ancillae, it may be remarked, that ancilla, strictly speaking, is an adjective, and is so used by the older writers, whom Sallust here imitates not, however, by those of a later age. : Page. 1. Omnisque. For omnesque.-In duas partis discedunt. "They 8 separate into two parties." Partis for partes.-Illum alterum. "The other," i. e. Jugurtha. The pronoun ille here represents, by a species of archaism, the definite article, which the Latin language wants. 2. Partim vi, &c. "Some by force, others of their own consent." Partim, here used in the sense of alias, and elsewhere in Sallust for an adverb, is in fact the old accusative of pars, for the later form partem, and governed by quod ad, or secundum, understood. 3. Tamen etsi. An archaism for tametsi. 4. In provinciam. "Into the Roman province." i. e. the territory of Carthage, which the Romans, after the death of Massinissa, on whom they had bestowed it for the period of his life, formed into a province. 5. Jugurtha, patratis consiliis. After this in some editions we have postquam omni Numidia potiebatur. This, however, is entirely superfluous, and is already implied in patratis consiliis. 6. Quis. For quibus.-Uti expleant. "To satisfy fully."Quemcumque possint, &c. "To gain over whomsoever they can by dint of bribery." Some editions read quaecunque, &c. "To accomplish whatever they can," &c. The reading in the text, however, is more animated and forcible. 7. Aliisque. "And to others," namely, of the nobility.—Auctoritas. "Influence" in the senate.-Invidia. "Odium."-In gratiam et favorem. "Into the good graces and favour." 8. Singulos ex senatu ambiundo. "By going around to each individual of the senate," i. e. by a personal application to the senators individually.-Ne gravius in eum consuleretur. "That too severe measures should not be taken against him." 9. Senatus. "An audience on the part of the senate." 10. Procuratione. "In the administration of it."-Ceterum jus et imperium, &c. "That the rightful sovereignty, however, was vested in you." Literally, “that the right and sovereignty," &c. 1. Cognatorum. "Of kindred.”—Adfinium. "Of relatives." 9 Cognati are relations by the father's side; Agnati, on the mother's side; Adfines, by marriage. Compare Taylor's Elements of the Civil Law, p. 314 seq., and Hill's Synonyms, p. 61. 2. Habere: Some editions read habiturum esse. The present, Page. 9 however, is more forcible, and carries with it an air of greater certainty.-Cum agitarem. "While I was zealously acting in accordance with." The student will note the peculiar force of the frequentative.-Et jam ab stripe, &c. "And even by my very lineage the ally and friend," &c. i. e. the hereditary ally and friend. 3. Atque ego, &c. The general idea, intended to be conveyed by this whole passage, is as follows: I could have wished, conscript fathers, since I was destined to be plunged into this misery, that I might have been able to implore your aid, rather on account of my own services, than those of my ancestors; and above all, that I might have merited the gratitude of Rome, without needing her pro tection; or that, in case I did stand in need of it, I might have received it as my due. As, however, innocence is of itself but a weak defence, &c. 4. Vellem. To be rendered as if voluissem.-Mea. "Services that I might have rendered."-Ob majorum beneficia. "On account of any rendered by my ancestors."-Ac maxume. "And above all."Deberi mihi. "That favours might have been owing to me. Secundum ea. "Next to this," or, more freely, "in the next place." Equivalent to secundo loco quibus. Some editions read secundum with a comma after it, separating it from ea. Secundum will then mean “in the next place," and ea be joined in construction with desideranda essent. "Nor was it in my power to Literally, "to effect what kind 5. Neque mihi in manu fuit, &c. form the character of Jugurtha." of person Jugurtha should be." After foret the verb efficere may be understood, although this is not necessary, since the clause, qualis foret Jugurtha, may be regarded as the subject nominative to fuit. 6. Quo tempore, &c. This refers to the Romans, who were, at the time to which the prince alludes, engaged in an important and difficult war with the Carthaginians, and might be faithful, but could not, when their resources were thus pre-occupied, prove very efficient allies. Ejus refers to populo Romano. 7. Quorum progeniem. Supply me. Quorum refers to familia, a collective noun, and to the idea of majores implied in it.—Nihil causae. "No other plea."-Deformatus aerumnis. "Forlorn and wretched." 8. Tamen erat. "Still it were." Erat is here used instead of esset, to denote more of certainty by means of the indicative.—Neque cujusquam, &c. "And that the kingdom of no one should increase in power, by the commission of crime." There is no need of understanding, as some do, the verb pati after neque. Page. 9. Vos in mea injuria, &c. "You are treated with contempt in 9 the injustice that is done me." Despicere always implies that the person despising thinks meanly of the person despised, as compared with himself. Contemnere denotes the absolute vileness of an object. 10. Potissumum. "Of all others." "Shall we always be exposed 11. Semperne in sanguine, &c. to the horrors of bloodshed, to the "Powerful." Literally, "safe," i. e. from Roman power and dominion.-Jure. "As a matter of course." Equivalent to jure necessitatis. 1. Illa pestis. "That plague." Referring to the Carthaginians. 10 -Pacem agitabamus. The frequentative is frequently employed by Sallust for the simple verb to give more fulness to the style. Agitabamus is here put for agebamus.—Quis for quibus.-Quem jussissetis. "Him, whom you might have ordered us to regard as such." 2. Sese ecferens. An archaism for sese efferens, and this equivalent to elatus, "hurried away.”—Atque eodem. "And who was at the same time." 3. Isdem. An archaism for iisdem.-Nihil minus, quam, &c. "Expecting nothing so little as violence or war, in a country subjected to your authority." 4. Extorrem patria, &c. The student will note the imitation of the Greek idiom, in which Sallust here indulges. Effecit me extorrem, &c., ut essem, instead of effecit uti ego nihil minus quam, &c. exspectans, sicuti videtis, extorris patria, domo, inops, coopertus miseriis, ubivis tutius quam in regno meo essem. 5. Multum laborem suscipere. "Undertook an arduous task." The prince now enters on the following argument :-If my ancestors embraced the friendship and alliance of Rome, not from motives of indolence, nor from a wish to lead an easy and inactive life, but well knowing, on the contrary, how many arduous labours they would have to perform, and how much would be expected from them by the Roman state as a proof of their fidelity; and if they rendered all these services, and gave all these proofs of their sincerity and attachment; surely I, their descendant, have some right to expect both commiseration and aid at your hands. 6. Quod in familia nostra fuit, &c. "What was in the power of our family to perform, it did; that it might aid you, namely, in all your wars." Our idiom requires the past tense of the indicative; "it aided you in all your wars." 7 Tertium. "On becoming a third," by adoption.-Alterius. 1 Page. 10 Referring to Jugurtha. Some editions have alter, referring of course to the speaker. 8. Generis praesidia, &c. cut off."-Naturae concessit. "All the supports of my family are "Has paid the debt of nature." Literally, "has yielded to nature," i. e. to the universal law of nature. 9. Quem minume decuit. "Whom such a deed least of all became," i. e. who should have been the last to do it. The clause refers to propinquus, not to fratri. 10. Adfines, amicos, &c. "One disaster has crushed one, another has crushed another, of my relatives, my friends, the rest of those who were near to me." Sallust is very fond of the construction with alius. It must be repeated in translating. 11. Pars . . . . acti. An instance of the figure which grammarians call synesis, where the adjective, participle, &c. refer to the person or persons implied by a word, and do not agree in gender with the word itself. Acti, in this clause, and objecti, in the next, refer to adfines, amici, and propinqui, and agree with them in gender. 12. Exigunt. "Drag out."-Necessariis. "Friendly." Necessaria are here opposed to adversa, and denote those acts of kindness and affection which we are necessarily led to expect from those who are connected with us by the ties of consanguinity. And hence the term necessitudo is used for relationship or any intimate connexion. Adherbal expected from Jugurtha the kindness and affection of a brother, but only met with acts of hostility. 13. Nunc vero, &c. This is an instance of what the logicians call the argument a fortiori. Even though I had not been stripped of my kingdom and all my resources, remarks Adherbal, still, if any unexpected injury had been done me, I would have implored your aid. How much more ought I to implore it now, when an exile and a beggar! 14. Omnium honestarum rerum. "Of all things suitable to my rank." 15. Ob vestram amicitiam. "On account of your friendship towards us," i. e. our alliance with you.-Majorum meorum, &c. "Very many a memorial of the hostilities committed by my forefathers," i. e. committed by them against the neighbouring nations in furtherance of the Roman power. 1. Postremo, Masinissa, &c. A new argument, I cannot obtain any aid from other powers; and even if I could, the injunctions of my father Masinissa would not permit me to do so. He taught us to look to you for aid in all our difficulties. It is yours therefore to |