NOTES. THE HISTORIES OF LIVY. BOOKS I, XXI, XXII. PRELIMINARY NOTE ON ORTHOGRAPHY. The orthography of the best manuscripts and editions of Livy differs in some respects from that of the later Roman grammarians which prevails in our diction, aries and grammars. Although these differences are not likely to present to students any serious difficulty, a statement of the most important of them is subjoined for the benefit of those who may not have become familiar with them in their previous reading. 1. The final consonant of prepositions in compound words is generally retained, and not assimilated to the following consonant; thus adfero, rather than affero; adlatum, not allatum ; adlicio, not allicio; adpendicibus, not appendicibus; adsentio, not assentio; so also con, in, ob, sub, often remain unchanged, as conlatum (collatum), conprehensis (comprehensis), inlatum (illatum), inminens (imminens), inpune (impune), inritus (irritus), obpressit (oppressit), subcedo (succedo), etc. -2. The accusative plural of the third declension ends often in is instead of es, and sometimes (though rarely) the nominative plural; thus omnis (omnes), finis (fines).-3. The superlative termination umus is found for imus; as optumus (optimus), maxumus (maximus).— 4. The letter j is omitted before i; as deicio (dejicio), reicio (rejicio), traicio (trajicio). 5. Vo is found instead of vu; as volt (vult), voltua (vultus).6. The letters d and t are sometimes interchanged; thus haut (haud), set (sed), adque (atque), aput (apud). - 7. C in place of qu before u; as ecus (equus). —A few other peculiarities are noticed as they occur. PREFACE. ARGUMENT. Whether the success of my work will justify my labor in its preparation, I know not; but it is a pleasing task to seek to perpetuate the fame of the foremost people in the world, and if I am outshone by other writers, I shall console myself by the brilliancy of Page their renown. It is a difficult undertaking to trace back the annals of our city for more than seven hundred years, and most readers will turn more readily from the story of those early days to the exciting incidents of our recent civil strife. For me, however, the withdrawal of my thoughts from our present evils is a part of my reward. The mythical stories with which the origin of Rome has been invested, I neither accept nor deny. If any people be allowed to claim the god of war as their founder, it should be the Romans. But I would call attention to the ways of life, the men, the manners, and the institutions, by which our empire was built up; and to the sad effects of declining discipline and increasing luxury, until we have come to times when we can neither bear our vices nor their remedies. This is the important lesson of history, teaching us by examples what we should pursue, and what we should avoid. If I am not mistaken, no state was ever richer than ours in good examples, nor ever retained longer the frugality and the purity of its best days. Though luxury of late has made fearful inroads, I would begin without ill-omened lamentation, and with prayers for a successful issue of my work. 13 1. Facturusne. . sim, Whether I shall do anything worth the while. A dependent interrogative clause ("indirect question "), following scio. The first four words can be scanned as the beginning of a dactylic hexameter verse, - an arrangement generally avoided in prose. But Tacitus begins his Annals with a complete hexameter: Urbem Romam a principio reges habuere. — 1, 2. Si perscripserim, if I shall write, or, in the ordinary English idiom, If I write. Perfect subjunctive, in a subordinate proposition, representing a subjunctive future-perfect. M. 379.-2. Res, the history. 3. Nec, si sciam, dicere ausim, nor, if I were to know, should I venture to tell. Notice, both in the protasis and the apodosis, the lively use of primary tenses of the subjunctive, where we might have expected the imperfect, as the condition is contrary to the fact just stated (nec scio). With rhetorical vivacity (and Livy was nothing if not a lively rhetorician), this knowledge is spoken of as something that may still be gained: almost as if we were to say (in English) nor if I shall know, shall I venture, etc. See M. 347, b, and Obs. 1; H. 504, 1; A. & S. 261, 2, Rem. 3; B. 1265, 1266; A. 59, IV. 1; G. 381, 382. — Quippe qui - Page videam, certainly [not], for I see. Quippe adds emphasis to the 13 assigning of the reason of the principal proposition by the relative clause.3, 4. Cum - tum, both and.-4. Rem, i. e. this expectation (of doing something worth one's pains). - Dum, inasmuch as. The idea of contemporaneous time (while), which dum conveys, passes into that of cause. -5. In rebus, in the facts, in the matter (stated). -7 Utcumque erit, however it shall be, i. e. whatever my success. · Juvabit, sc. me (ipsum consuluisse). The omission of me, however, leaves the statement general. 8. Memoriae, dative after consuluisse. Pro virili parte, i. e. what in me lies. —10, 11 Sit, consoler. Translate these present subjunctives with shall; shall be, I shall console myself. Nobilitate, with the renown.-11. Res, my subject. "In this sentence there is a sort of confusion between the history (quae— repetatur)" and the subject of the history, i. e. the Roman Empire" (quae — creverit, etc.). S.-Est with the genitive (inmensi operis), demands. 12. Et, both. The corresponding and follows at the beginning of line 15. - Ut quae, as one which. Ut strengthens the relative clause with the subjunctive assigning the reason. Septingentensimum annum from the founding of the city. Livy wrote this Preface sometime in the years 27-25 B. C. The traditional date of the founding of Rome is B. C. 753. 14. Jam laboret, begins to be overburdened. S.-17. Nova, sc. tempora. The time of the civil wars. Haec is properly used here of times present or near to the historian. — Quibus, in which. — 17, 18. "Jam pridem. To be taken with conficiunt, He considers the whole period of the civil war, that is, from the passage of the Rubicon (B. C. 49) to the battle of Actium (B. C. 31), together." S.-19. Contra, here adverb, not preposition. 21. Illa tota, Hz., following the MSS., reads tota illa; but Mg., as had the older editors generally, sees that the sense requires the reverse order. 2. Posset. Mg. reads possit. I follow the MSS. instead of his 14 emendation, considering posset as the apodosis of an implied supposition contrary to fact, such as si intercederet. That the implied supposition is contrary to the fact, is shown by the words omnis expers curae. - 3. Ante conditam condendamve urbem, before the city was founded or intended to be founded; or, before the founding of the city or the design of its founding. The translation given in Madvig's Grammar (414, b, Obs.), and adopted by Page 14 Seeley, "before the city was built or in building," seems inadequate. See Nägelsbach, Stilistik, § 31. — 4. Decora, suited for, followed by the datives fabulis and monumentis. —5. Adfirmare affirmare. - 8. Cui, any. Indefinite pronoun. - 9. Ad deos referre auctores, to trace it (their early history, origines suas) back to the gods as their founders. Auctores is appositive to deos. —10. Potissimum, in preference to all others. — 14. Haeo et his similia, these and similar stories. Z.-15. Haut = haud. Construed with magno. — 16. Ad illa, to this other point. S. — Mihi, ethical dative, showing the interest the author feels in the advice he is about to give. - Intendat, subjunctive of exhortation, advice. —17. Vita, mores, sc. Romanorum. —19. Disciplina, the tone of morality. S. - 20. Desidentis desidentes. Accusative plural. H. 88, III. 1; A. & S. 85, Exc. 1; B. 114; A. 11, 2; G. p. 22, Obs. 1. -19-22. Labente - praecipites, then let him follow in his mind the public-morals (mores), as the tone-of-morality by degrees declines, at first so-to-say wavering, next how they more and more gave way (or inclined to their fall), then began to tumble headlong. Ut - praecipites is an objectiveclause, following sequatur animo. 23. Remedia, etc. Probably, as S. suggests, an allusion to the opposition offered to the reforming measures of Augustus, particularly to his laws discouraging celibacy. See Merivale, Hist. vol. iv., pp. 36 sqq., Am. ed. -24. Hoc illud est, this is that (which is) praecipue salubre, etc. — 25, 26. Omnis — intueri, that you should behold instructiveinstances (documenta) of every "way-of-acting" (S.) placed in a conspicuous memorial (or record). Monumentum is anything that preserves the remembrance of a person or thing; here history. Te "with the infinitive to denote an indefinite and assumed individual subject," like our indefinite-pronoun one. So tibi and tuae. M. 370, Obs. 2. — 27. Capias. Potential subjunctive; or, if one prefer so to take it, subjunctive of permission. Its connection both with quod imitere and with quod vites is an instance of zeugma; with the first it means to choose or adopt, with the second to understand, to learn.-27, 28. Imitere, vites. Subjunctive of propriety, fitness, duty. 15 2. Major, greater (than Rome). — 3. Nec in quam civitatem Nec civitas (ulla umquam fuit) in quam. Attraction of the antecedent into the relative clause. - 4. Serae. adjectives where earlier writers use adverbs. Livy often uses 4, 6. Inmigra Page verint, fuerit. Subjunctives in relative clauses after the gen- 15 eral negative assertion, that there is no (other) state to which the assertions in these relative clauses apply. M. 365.-5. What is the difference of meaning between paupertas and parsimonia, and the English words poverty and parsimony? — 6. Adeo, 80 true is it that. Quanto, tanto, ablatives of the measure of the difference. Nuper. Livy (Book xxxix. 6,) speaks of the army of Cn. Manlius Volso returning from Asia, B. C. 187, as first introducing foreign luxury into Rome; but adds vix tamen illa, quae tum conspiciebantur, semina erant futurae luxuriae. Sallust (Cat. 11, 12,) places the beginning of the greatest corruption and luxury at the time of Sulla. Fr. 8. Luxum. "Luxuria (4) is the disposition to excessive indulgence; luxus, the excessive indulgence itself." -8, 9. Desiderium pereundi, the eager desire of ruining themselves. An oxymoron, expressing emphatically the eager pursuit of pleasures which they know will inevitably destroy them.-10. Forsitan, limiting simply the adjective necessariae, has no influence on the mood of the verb.-11. Initio ordiendae. A pleonasm common in Livy with verbs of beginning.-12. Potius contrasts bonis ominibus with querellae (querelae) which are of ill omen. - Que et connect votis and precationibus closely together as appositives in common to bonis ominibus. — 13. Poetis. The ancient epic poets, as is well known, begin with invocations to the gods or muses. —Nobis, i. e. historians.-14. Tantum is the reading of the best MSS., adopted by Mg. and Hz.-Weissenborn, after other MSS., reads tanti, thus making orsis a noun, instead of a participle as in our reading. BOOK FIRST. I.-III. INTRODUCTION. I. After the taking of Troy (Mythical date, B. C. 1184), two Trojans, Antenor and Aeneas, come into Italy. Founding of Lavinium. II. Wars of the Latins with the Rutulians and Etruscans. III. Ascanius founds Alba Longa, (Mythical date, B. C. 1053). Reign of the Silvii. Page I. 1, 2. Troja-Trojanos, that, on the taking of Troy, the rest 17 of the Trojans were massacred. Saevitum esse, a passive impersonal; literally, rage was vented, cruelty was used, (in) upon the |