PART VI. DEPENDENT SENTENCES. SUBORDINATIVE CONJUNCTIONS. 213. The mood of the verb in a Subordinate sentence does not depend on the conjunction by which that sentence is linked to the principal sentence, but on the principles that the Indicative is the mood of Fact and Independent Statement, and the Subjunctive is the mood of Conception and Dependent Statement. Hence 1. If the Subordinate clause states a conception and not a fact, the Subjunctive is used. 2. If the Subordinate clause is grammatically dependent on the principal clause, the Subjunctive is used. I. FINAL CONJUNCTIONS (§ 115). 214. Ut or Uti, Ne, Quo, Quin, Quominus. These conjunctions, in sentences expressing the end or object of an action, are followed by the Subjunctive, partly because a purpose is a mental conception, and partly because the clause expressing the purpose is grammatically dependent on the principal clause; thus Phaethon optavit ut in currum patris tolleretur. Regulus ad supplicium est profectus ut fidem hosti datam conservaret. Ego vos, quo pauca monerem, advocavi; simul uti causam mei consilii aperirem. Romani ab aratro abduxerunt Cincinnatum, ut imperator esset. Cave ne hoc facias. Quid obstat mihi quominus sim beatus? Hortensius non dubitavit quin Sullam defenderet. Caesar ad Lingonas litteras misit, ne Helvetios frumento iuvarent. NOTE 1.-After fac, take pains, be sure, ut is often omitted. After sine, permit, let, ut is sometimes omitted. After cave, beware, take heed, ne is usually omitted. Tu nos fac ames.-CIC. Cave credas.-CIC. Sine veniat.-TER. Cave facias.-Cic. Huc ades; insani feriant sine litora fluctus.-VIRG. So also velim scribas = I would have you write. NOTE 2.-Instead of et ne use neu Orabant ut parceret magistro equitum neu cum eo exercitum damnaret, They implored (the Dictator) to pardon the Master of the Horse, and not to condemn him, and at the same time the army. NOTE 3.-After verbs of fearing it is the Latin idiom to use the negative where we omit it, and to omit it where we use it; thus Vereor ne veniat = I fear that he will come. Examples are Non vereor ne quid stulte facias. Non vereor ne non scribendo te expleam. Vereor ut Dolabella ipse satis vobis prodesse possit. Timeo ne ille dolori atque iracundiae pareat. NOTE 4. Notice the following expressions : Fieri potest ut fallar = I may be deceived. Dixit fore ut oppidum expugnaretur = He said the town would be taken. This use of fore ut with the Subjunctive supplies the place of the Future Infinitive Passive, for which the Latins had no form. II. CONSECUTIVE CONJUNCTIONS. 215. Ut, that. Quin, but that. The verb in a consecutive clause is in the Subjunctive, because the clause expressing the result of an action is grammatically dependent on the principal clause Prima lex in amicitia est ut neque rogemus res turpes, nec faciamus rogati. Gallinae ex ovis pullos cum excluserint ita tuentur, ut et pennis foveant, ne frigore laedantur. Ad Appii Claudii senectutem accedebat etiam ut caecus esset. Non dubito quin mirere quod tecum de eadem re saepius agam. Oppidum natura loci sic muniebatur ut magnam ad ducendum bellum daret facultatem. Servius Tullius regnavit quattuor et quadraginta annos ita, Ego te tanti facio, ut paucos aeque ac te caros habeam. Prorsus nihil abest quin sim miserrimus. Cicero tantus orator fuit, ut nemo post illum maior fuerit. Ea celeritate atque eo impetu milites ierunt, ut hostes impetum legionum atque equitum sustinere non possent ripasque dimitterent ac se fugae mandarent. NOTE 1.—In clauses denoting a purpose, ne is used. In clauses denoting a consequence, ut non is used. Hence to express that nobody, that nothing, and the like, we have in Curavi ne quis Catilinam metueret Respublica te mihi ita commendavit, ut cariorem habeam. neminem. Senatus decrevit ut darent operam Consules, ne quid respublica detrimenti caperet. Sic te prosternes, ut nihil inter te atque inter quadrupedem aliquam putes interesse? Vereor ne consolatio ulla possit vera reperiri. Ita vivebant ut nullum quaestum turpem arbitrarentur. Cimon fuit tanta liberalitate, ut nunquam hortis suis custodem imposuerit. Relligio monet ne unquam fidem fallamus. The forms quis and quid are to be closely attached to ne. NOTE 2. The more emphatic ut ne is often used instead of ne Primum iustitiae munus est, ut ne cui quis noceat. Ego vos oro atque obsecro, iudices, ut ne hominis miseri, L. Murenae, recentem gratulationem nova lamentatione obruatis. Tu quam plurimis de rebus ad me velim scribas, ut prorsus ne quid ignorem. III. CAUSAL CONJUNCTIONS. 216. Cum (Quum), Quoniam, since. Quandoquidem, Siquidem, since in fact. Quod, Quia, because. When these conjunctions introduce statements of fact, on which the writer grounds some other statement, they are commonly followed by the Indicative— Multi legibus non propter metum parent, sed quia id salutare maxime iudicant. Fas mihi praecipue vultus vidisse Deorum, Vel quia sum vates, vel quia sacra cano.—Ov. Fecisti mihi pergratum quod Serapionis librum ad me De animo meo erga te bene facis quod non dubitas. Quoniam me una vobiscum servare non possum, vestrae Quod, inasmuch as, takes the Indicative when the writer vouches for the cause assigned. Dumnorix Helvetiis erat amicus quod ex ea civitate Orgetorigis filiam in matrimonium duxerat. Quod, on the ground that, takes the Subjunctive when the writer does not intend to give his personal warranty for the truth of the assigned cause— Iustam causam affers quod me hoc tempore videre non possis. Socrates accusatus est, quod corrumperet iuventutem et novas superstitiones induceret. Laudat Africanum Panaetius quod fuerit abstinens. Decima legio per tribunos militum Caesari gratias egit quod de se optimum iudicium fecisset. |