Quia usually gives a personal warranty

Mutavimus consilium quia de Caesaris adventu nihil audiebamus.

For Cum, see § 136.

Cum, inasmuch as, has the Subjunctive when the writer does not vouch for the truth of the assigned cause; thus

Aedui, cum se suaque ab Helvetiis defendere non possent, legatos ad Caesarem mittunt rogatum auxilium.

IV. TEMPORAL CONJUNCTIONS.

217. Cum (Quum), Quando, Ubi, Ut, when. Antequam, Priusquam, before that. Postquam, after that. Donec, Dum, so long as, until. Quoad, so long as. Quoties, as often as. Simul,

as soon as.

Some remarks on this class have been already made in $136.

All these conjunctions are found with the Indicative and Subjunctive.

When temporal conjunctions are used in expressing merely the order of facts, the Indicative occurs; for example—

Antequam pro Murena dicere instituo, pro me ipse pauca. dicam.

Id ego, priusquam loqui coepisti, sensi.

Ante rorat quam pluit.

But when an intention that was never realised is mentioned, the Subjunctive is used; thus

Priusquam in oppida multitudo convenire posset, adesse
Romanos nunciatur.

Cum, when it is used of a definite time, takes the Indicative—

Cum Caesar in Galliam venit, On Caesar's arrival in Gaul. But when it refers to indefinite parts between two limits of time, it always has the Subjunctive—

Cum Caesar in Gallia esset, During Caesar's stay in Gaul.

V. CONCESSIVE CONJUNCTIONS.

218. Licet, Quamvis, Quamquam, Etsi, Etiamsi, Si, Ut, although. Nisi, unless. Ni, unless.

As a general rule, the Indicative or Subjunctive is used with these conjunctions according as the concession is assumed by the writer as a fact, or stated as a mere conception.

Quamquam and etsi have usually the Indicative in Cicero, licet and quamvis the Subjunctive. We generally find tamen or certe in the principal clauses

Quamquam abest a culpa, suspicione tamen non caret.
Etsi mihi nunquam dubium fuit, quin tibi essem carissimus,
tamen cotidie magis id perspicio.

Licet omnes in me terrores impendeant, subibo.

Ut sit magna tamen certe lenta ira deorum est.—Juv. Quamvis suasor non fueris profectionis meae, approbator certe fuisti.

Homines, quamvis in turbidis rebus sint, tamen interdum animis relaxantur.

Ut enim rationem Plato nullam adferret, vide quid homini tribuam, ipsa auctoritate me frangeret.

Ut vires absint, tamen est laudanda voluntas.-Ov.

Ego bonos viros sequar, etiamsi ruent.

Tuis opibus, etiamsi timidi essemus, tamen omnem timorem abiceremus.

Omnia sunt misera in bellis civilibus; quae maiores nostri ne semel quidem, nostra aetas saepe iam sensit: sed miserius nihil quam ipsa victoria: quae etiamsi ad meliores venit, tamen eos ipsos ferociores impotentioresque reddit; ut, etiamsi natura tales non sint, necessitate esse cogantur.

Mirum ni domi est.-TER.

Quod ni ita se haberet, nec iustitiae ullus esset nec bonitati locus.

Pacem non peterem, nisi utilem crederem.

Nisi ego insanio, stulte omnia agi iudico.

VI. COMPARATIVE CONJUNCTIONS.

219. Tamquam, Quasi, Velut, as if. Ut, as. Sicut, Quemadmodum, just as, precisely as.

When the comparison is put as an assumed fact, the Indicative is used; when as a mere conception, the Subjunctive is used Ut sementem feceris, ita metes.

Eius causam defendi in Senatu, sicut mea fides postulabat.
Suspectus tamquam ipse suas incenderit aedes, Looked on
with suspicion, as though he set fire to his house with his
own hands.-Juv.

Assimulabo quasi nunc exeam, I will make a pretence, as if
I were just going out.—TER.

Hac de re, quasi ita esse nescias, taces.

Ita scribit, quasi ego ad eos, non ei ad me venire debuissent.

VII. CONDITIONAL CONJUNCTIONS.

220. Si, if (see the next section). Dum, provided that. Modo, Dummodo, if only.

Of these, Si takes the Indicative or Subjunctive according as the writer states the condition as a fact or as a conception. The other three imply a mere conception, and take, as a rule, the Subjunctive

Omnia neglegunt, dummodo potentiam consequantur.

Quosdam, valetudo modo bona sit, tenuitas ipsa delectat.
Dum res maneant, verba fingant arbitratu suo.

ON CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.

221. In Conditional Sentences the clause containing the condition is called the Protăsis (putting forward), and that containing the conclusion is called the Apodosis (paying back). The Protasis is regularly introduced by Si.

I. The Indicative is used in the Protasis, and the Indicative (or Imperative) in the Apodosis, when the condition is stated as a fact.

II. The Subjunctive is used in both clauses when the condition, and therefore the conclusion, are distinctly marked as mere conceptions.

Hence we get the following type-forms of Conditional Sentences in common use

A. Suppositions the truth of which is assumed by the writer, assumed for argument, but not necessarily believed absolutely

1. Si vis, potes, If you have (now) the will, you have the power.

2. Si voluisti, potuisti, If you have (or had) the will, you have (or had) the power.

3. Si voles, poteris, If you (hereafter) have the will, you will have the power.

4. Si volueris, poteris, If you shall have had the will, you

will have the power.

In this group of conditionals, Si may often be translated since, though, when, assuming that, if (as is the fact).

In 1, instead of potes, we may have the Future poteris.

In 4, instead of poteris, we may have potueris.

In 1 and 3 the Imperative may be in the Apodosis.

B. Suppositions the non-truth of which is assumed by the writer, assumed for argument, but not necessarily known to be untrue

1. Si velis, possis, If you were to have the will, you would

2. Si velles, posses, If you could have the will, you would

3. Si voluisses, potuisses, If you had had the will, you would have had the power.

4. Si voluisses, posses, If you had had the will, you would now have the power.

EXAMPLES.

A.

1. Si vos valetis, nos valemus.-CIC.

Si tu exercitusque valetis, bene est.-Cic.

Erras, tui animi si me esse ignarum putas.—TEr.
Ea si vivit annos nata est sedecim.—TER.

Si ut scribis ita sentis, non magis te quam de te iudicium reprehendo meum.-Cic.

Si vincimus, omnia nobis tuta erunt.-SALL.

Si me diligis, ad me litteras mittito.-CIC.

2. Si peccavi, insciens feci.-TER.

Hoc si qui pati non potuit, mori debuit.-CIC.
3. Si me audies, vitabis inimicitias.—Cic.
Dicam, si potero.-HOR.

Numquam labere, si te audies.-CIC.
Male si mandata loqueris,

Aut dormitabo aut ridebo.-HOR.

Si non unius, quaeso, miserere duorum :
Si vivet, vivam; si cadet illa, cadam.-TIB.
.-HOR.

Si quaeret quid agam, dic .

4. Si quid egero, faciam ut scias.-Cic.

Donec eris felix, multos numerabis amicos;
Tempora si fuerint nubila, solus eris.—Ov.
Si te rogavero, nonne respondebis?—CIC.

Gratissimum mihi feceris, si ad me in Ciliciam quam primum veneris.-Cic.

B.

1. Omnia nunc rident; at si formosus Alexis

Montibus his abeat, videas et flumina sicca.-VIRG. Where si abeat means if he should be absent, and videas means you would see.

Tu si hic sis, aliter sentias, If you were in my place you would have a different opinion.

M