7. The Verb, as a general rule, comes at the end of the sentence. But parts of Sum, as a rule, do not stand last in the sentence Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate Provinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant atque ea, quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent, important; proximique sunt Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt; qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere quotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent, aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt. Hence it is that when emphasis is to be thrown on the verb, it is placed first in the sentence Tum dictator, silentio facto, "Bene habet," inquit, "Quirites. Redintegravit luctum in castris consulum adventus, ut vix 8. In English we call any combination of Principal and Dependent sentences a Period. In Latin, to constitute a period, part, at least, of the principal sentence must follow the dependent sentence (or sentences). Thus the following are Periods in Latin Quae acciderunt, omnia dixi futura. Fuisti saepe, credo, cum Athenis esses, in scholis philosophorum. Ego, si quae volo expediero, brevi tempore te, ut spero, videbo. Romae quia postea non fuisti, quam a me discesseras, miratus sum. Hostes proelio superati, simul atque se ex fuga receperunt, statim ad Caesarem legatos de pace miserunt. Constabat eos, qui concidentem vulneribus Cn. Pompeium. vidissent, cum in illo ipso acerbissimo miserrimoque spectaculo sibi timerent, quod se classe hostium circumfusos viderent, nihil aliud tum egisse, nisi ut remiges hortarentur et ut salutem adipiscerentur fuga; posteaquam Tyrum venissent, tum afflictari lamentarique coepisse. Socrates, cum esset ex eo quaesitum, Archelaum Perdiccae filium, qui tum fortunatissimus haberetur, nonne beatum putaret? "Haud scio," inquit, "nunquam enim cum eo collocutus sum." Darius in fuga, cum aquam turbidam et cadaveribus inquinatam bibisset, negavit unquam se bibisse iucundius. Nunquam videlicet sitiens biberat. Timotheum, clarum hominem Athenis et principem civitatis, ferunt, cum cenavisset apud Platonem eoque convivio admodum delectatus esset vidissetque eum postridie, dixisse : 66 vestrae quidem cenae non solum in praesentia, sed etiam postero die iucundae sunt." Socrates, in pompa cum magna vis auri argentique ferretur, "Quam multa non desidero," inquit. Praeclare Anaxagoras, qui cum Lampsaci moreretur, quaerentibus amicis, velletne Clazomenas in patriam, si quid accidisset, auferri: "Nihil necesse est," inquit, "undique enim ad inferos tantundem viae est." E Lacedaemoniis, qui in Thermopylis occiderunt, unus, cum Perses hostis in colloquio dixisset glorians "Solem prae iaculorum multitudine et sagittarum non videbitis :" "In umbra igitur," inquit, “pugnabimus." Themistocles, cum ei Simonides aut quis alius artem memoriae polliceretur, "Oblivionis," inquit, "mallem : nam memini etiam quae nolo, oblivisci non possum quae volo." PART VII. PROSODY. 239. PROSODY teaches the quantity of syllables, and the laws of metre. By quantity is meant the state of a syllable with respect to the time required to pronounce it. short, as in ǎmor. doubtful, as the first in pătrem. 241. A syllable is long by nature, when its vowel has naturally the long pronunciation, as sòl, cür. 242. A syllable is long by position, when by reason of two or more following consonants, or a double consonant, its pronunciation is lengthened; thus in verse— though ěs, thou art, is short, ēst, he is, is long; though făcis is short, its nominative fax, torch, is long. With regard to lengthening of vowels by position, observe— 1. That the two consonants need not be in the same wordQuis caneret Nymphas ?-VIRG. 2. That h is not reckoned as a consonant for this purposeIncipe, si quid habes.-VIRG. 200 3. That qu is regarded as a single letter Gaudet équis canibusque.-HOR. 4. That a vowel, naturally short, before a mute followed by a liquid is in many cases, especially when the liquid Natum ante ora pătris, patrem qui obtruncat ad aras.-VIRG. But when a vowel is naturally long, it cannot be shortened before a mute and liquid; thus-māter, mātris, mātri, etc. 243. Diphthongs are long, as aurum, poena. But prae is shortened before a vowel in a compound word, as— Iamque novi praeeunt fasces, nova purpura fulget.—Ov. 244. Where two vowels have been formed into one by contraction the syllable is long, as cōgo, from co-ăgo; tibicen, from tibiicen. 245. A vowel before another vowel in the same word, even if h comes between them, is short, as filius, trăho, prohibeo. Exceptions are 1. The old genitive of the A declension, aurai, pictāi— Dives equum, dives pictai vestis et auri.-VIRG. 2. The in fio, except -er- follows, as fiam, fiet; but fieri, fieret Omnia nunc fiunt, fieri quae posse negabam. 3. Genitives in -ius have the i common in illius, istius, ipsius, ullius, nullius, solius. But alius is always long, and alterius usually short. 4. Vowels in words from the Greek, when the original vowels are long, as aër, herōas, academia. Quantity of Final Syllables. 246. Monosyllabic words ending in a vowel are generally long, as ā, dā, dē, si, prō, mē, except the enclitics -quě, -ně, -vě. 247. Monosyllabic words ending in a single consonant, except b, d, l, t, are usually long; thus 1. sic, sin, grūs, mōs (mōris), vēr, pār, sūs, ōs (ōris). But 2. ǎb, ǎd, fěl, ǎt, ŭt, měl, quid, sed, věl. The following are exceptions tó 1 :— făc, něc, quis, in, vir, pěr,. Ŏs (ossis), fer. Exceptions to 2 are sal and sōl. 248. For words of more than one syllable— A final is short In all cases of nouns and adjectives, except the ablative singular, and the vocative of Greek nouns in -ās; thusportă, bonă, nomină, lampadă; but portā (abl.) and Aenea, voc. and abl. of Aeneas. A final is long 1. In the Imperative of the first conjugation, as amā. But itǎ and quiă are short. E final is short in most words, as matrě, iudicě, poně, nempe, facilě, amaverě. |