societās, societatis, fellowship. tempestās, tempestātis, weather, storm.

větustās, vetustātis, antiquity. (I) võluptās, voluptatis, pleasure.

ǎbies, abiětis, fir.
Āriēs, Ariětis, ram.

Păriēs, Pariětis, house-wall.
ségěs, segětis, crop.
těgěs, tegětis, mat.

quies, quiētis, rest.
rèquies, requietis, repose.
Tăpes, Tapētis, tapestry.

Caespès, Caespitis, turf.
Coměs, comitis, companion.
Eques, Equitis, horseman.
Gurges, Gurgitis, whirlpool.
Hospĕs, hospitis, stranger.
Līměs, Limitis, boundary.
Miles, militis, soldier.
Pěděs, Pedītis, foot-soldier.
Poplěs, Poplitis, back of knee.
Sătelles, satellitis, attendant.

Superstes, superstitis, survivor.
Trāměs, Tramĭtis, path.

Adămās, Adamantis, adamant.
Elephas, Elephantis, elephant.
Gigās, Gigantis, giant.

(I) Infans, infantis, infant.

(I) Adulescens, adulescentis, young

person.

Bidens, Bidentis, hoe.

bidens, bidentis, sheep.
(I) Cliens, Clientis, client.

Occidens, Occidentis, west.
Ŏriens, Orientis, east.

(I) Părens, parentis, parent.
Serpens, serpentis, serpent.
Něpōs, Nepōtis, grandson.
Săcerdos, sacerdotis, priest.

iŭventus, iuventutis, youth. sălūs, salūtis, safety, health. senectus, senectutis, old age. servitus, servitutis, slavery. (I) virtūs, virtūtis, virtue.

In poetry we frequently find Infantum, and Parentum.

V stems.

Bos, bovis, ox or cow, has boum in gen. pl., and bovibus, bōbus, or būbus in dat. pl.

nix, nivis, snow.

Iuppiter, Iovis, Iovi, Iovem, Iove, the name of the Chief of the Gods.

Iūno, Iunōnis.

Věnus, Věnĕris,

Cĕres, Cěrĕris.

Pallas, Palladis. NOTE.

Names of other Heathen Deities.

Apollo, Apollinis.

Plūto, Plutōnis.

Mars, Martis.

Hercules, Herculis.

In the formation of the nominative from the nounstem observe—

1. That it is chiefly formed by adding s to the stem, and that the final letter of the stem affects the formation; thus―

C

Gutturals + s produce x; thus

Duc + s gives Dux; legs gives lex.
Dentals + s produce loss of the dental—-
Peds gives Pes; dot + s gives dos.

Labials + s keep both letters, with omission or change of
the final vowel-

urb(i) + s gives urbs; Princip + s gives Princeps.

2. Ns rejects the s, except in Sanguis from Sanguins, and often rejects both n and s; thus from

stem Flamin- we have Flamen, and from

stem Leon- we have Leo.

3. Ls rejects the s, as Consul from stem Consul-.

4. Rs rejects the s, as Dolor from stem Dolor-, or changes r into s, as Flos from stem Flor-.

Hence we find the forms Honōs and arbōs sometimes instead of Honor and arbor.

57. Some words in the foregoing list only occur in the singular, as Sanguis, tellus; supellex, supellectilis, household goods, only occurs in the singular.

The genitive and dative singular are not used by Cicero. Aethēr, Aethĕris, ether, and Āēr, Aĕris, air, are found only in the singular, and have the accusative forms Aethĕră and Aĕră. Hērōs, Herōis, hero, has acc. sing. Herōă, and acc. pl. Herõăs. lampas, lampădis, torch, has acc. sing. lampadă, and acc. pl. lampadǎs.

Of words used only in the plural we find in common use

Maiores, ancestors.

Minores, posterity.

Manes, departed spirits.
Pěnātes, household gods.

fides, stringed instrument, is generally used in the plural, but the singular occurs.

Some nouns which are fully declined in the plural, are defective in some cases of the singular; such are—

REMARKS ON THE GENDERS OF CONSONANT-NOUNS. 58. Observe that nouns with stem-endings b, c, d, are chiefly feminine, and that with respect to the endings n, r, t, which include five-sixths at least of the consonant-nouns in common use, we find

1. Nouns in o, -inis are chiefly feminine, as arundo, arundinis. o, -ōnis are chiefly masculine, as Aquilo, Aquilonis. io, -ionis are chiefly feminine, as actio, actionis.

2. Nouns in or, -oris are chiefly masculine, as Amor, Amoris. 3. Nouns in ās, -ātis, all feminine, as aestas, aestatis.

ěs, -itis, chiefly masculine, as Eques, Equitis.
ūs, -ūtis, all feminine, as virtus, virtutis.

2. Neuter Nouns.

59. The main body of nouns of this class consists of those neuter nouns whose stems end with the consonants n and r; most of them are declined like nōměn, name, and corpus, body; thus

The nouns which follow are declined like corpus, but many them are defective in one or more cases of the plural.

aequor, aequoris, level surface, sea. murmur, murmuris, murmur.

aes, aeris, bronze.
far, farris, corn.

ōs, ōris, countenance.
crūs, crūris, leg.

iūs, iūris, right.

rūs, rūris, country.

tūs, tūris, frankincense.

fel, fellis, gall.
měl, mellis, honey.

căpăt, capitis, head.

iùbăr, iubăris, beam of light.
nectar, nectăris, nectar.

vēr, vēris, spring-time-only in the singular.

lāc, lactis, milk-only in the singular.

The following make the nominative plural in ia, and the genitive plural in ium:

ănămăl, animālis, living creature.

toral, torālis, coverlet.

calcăr, calcaris, spur.

lăcunăr, lacunāris, ceiling.

lăqueăr, laqueāris, ceiling.

pulvīnăr, pulvināris, cushioned seat.

Ŏs, ossis, bone, has in plural ossa, ossium, ossibus, etc.

A few Greek nouns in ǎ make the genitive plural in um : such as have a dative and ablative plural form them in is instead of ibus; such are

diădēmă, diademătis, crown.

poēma, poematis, poem.

epigramma, epigrammătis, inscrip- pěristrōma, peristromătis, coverlet. tion, epigram.

The nouns nihil or nil, nothing; opus, need; instăr, likeness, are only found in the nominative and accusative singular.

verběra, verberum, stripes, has in the singular only the genitive and ablative.

vās, vāsis, vessel, has a plural of the second declension-vāsa, vasorum, vasis, etc.

THE LOCATIVE OF THE CONSONANT-STEM

DECLENSION.

60. The original ending of the Locative in this declension was i: thus, Carthagini, at Carthage; Neapoli, at Naples; ruri, in the country. But usually the ablative in e is found, as Carthagine, rure; and that in ibus for plural nouns, as Gādibus, at Cadiz.