Pastores ad fluvium pecora egerunt. Caesar in oppidum milites duxit. Pater de filii morte flevit. Romulus in Capitolio templum Iovis condidit. Sub nomine pacis bellum latuit. Romulum lupa nutrivit. Arcem urbis ab incendio liberavi. ADVERBS. 74. An Adverb is a word used to qualify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. It has no inflexions. The following adverbs are of common use in the simple sentence (1.) Adverbs of Place, answering the question Where ?— Hic, here. İbi, there. Indě, thence. Procul, far away. (2.) Adverbs of Manner, answering the question How?— Sic, so. Ită, thus. (3.) Adverbs of Time, answering the question When ?— (4.) Adverbs of Negation Nōn, not. Haud, by no means. Haud is not used with verbs in Latin prose, except scio, I know, and dubito, I doubt. (5.) Adverbs of Interrogation Cūr, why? Ŭbi, where? Undě, whence? Quando, when? (6.) Adverbs of Degree, answering the question To what extent? Propě, almost. Vix, scarcely. 75. Almost every adjective in common use has an adverb formed from it. Adverbs formed from adjectives of the O and A declension usually end in ē, as recte, rightly; misĕrē, wretchedly; aegrē, hardly. But běně, well, and mălě, badly, have the e short. Some of these adverbs end in ō, as tuto, safely, falsō, falsely. Adverbs formed from adjectives of the I declension usually end in ter, as fēlīciter, happily, audacter, boldly, fortiter, bravely, constanter, firmly. ADVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS. 76. A word or phrase in a sentence defining the place, time, manner, cause, or purpose of an action is called an Adverbial Expression. Examples of such words and phrases are— (1.) The ablatives of some nouns, as—ordine, in orderly fashion; jure, legally, rightly; more, according to custom; vi, forcibly; nocte, by night; aestate, in the summer; hieme, in the winter. (2.) A noun and the preposition with which it is connected, as—ex natura, naturally, in accordance with nature; cum consilio, deliberately; ex animo, heartily; sine dubio, unquestionably. (3.) A noun in the ablative qualified by an adjective, as— aequo animo, calmly; magno opere, vigorously. (4.) A noun in the ablative qualified by an adjective and governed by a preposition, as-magna ex parte, to a great extent, chiefly; multis de causis, for many reasons; magno cum periculo, at great risk. D ATTRIBUTIVE EXPRESSIONS. 77. By an Attributive Expression we mean any word or words, other than the simple adjective, added to the subject or object to define or limit its meaning. Examples of such expres sions are (1.) Another noun standing in the same case as the subject or object. This is called Apposition. Cicero consul in aedem Concordiae senatum convocavit, Cicero, as Consul, summoned the senate to the temple of Concord. (2.) A genitive qualifying the subject or object : : Hostium legati ad castra Caesaris venerunt. Mons Iura fines Sequanorum ab Helvetiis dividit. (3.) A prepositional phrase qualifying the subject or object :— Pauci de nostris ceciderunt, A few of our men fell. Librum de Amicitia scripsit Cicero, Cicero wrote a treatise on Friendship. NOTE 1.—A noun in apposition is often qualified by an attribute or attributive expression: Mausōlus, rex Cariae, Artemisiam habuit coniugem, Mausolus, king of Caria, had a wife named Artemisia. Plato Speusippum, sororis filium, philosophiae heredem reliquit, Plato left Speusippus, his sister's son, heir of his philosophy. NOTE 2. Such a phrase as Canum amor in dominos, the affection of dogs for their masters, when expressed in the form of a simple sentence, becomes Canes amant dominos, and hence Canum is called a subjective genitive, because the word corresponding to it is the subject of the corresponding sentence. But such a phrase as Amor patriae, patriotism, when expressed as a simple sentence, becomes Homines amant patriam, and , hence patriae is called an objective genitive, because the word corresponding to it is the object of the corresponding sen tence. NOTE 3.-The Objective Genitive in Latin, denoting the object of an action implied in the noun that it qualifies, is often used in phrases where in English we use the Prepositions for, about, from. NOTE 4.-The Attributive Adjective is used in Latin in many Bellum Mithridaticum, the war against Mithridates. NOTE 5.-Observe carefully the following distinctions : LATIN. Urbs Roma. Homo Romanus. Vir patricius. ENGLISH. The city of Rome. A Roman. A patrician. NOTE 6. The Objective Genitive follows many adjectives in Latin to express the object of desire, knowledge, etc., implied in the adjective; thus cupidus belli, eager for war. avidus laudis, craving for praise. EXPANSION OF THE SIMPLE SENTENCE. 78. Taking the chief type-form of the simple sentence (§ 14), Subject, Verb, Object, we can now expand it thus: Subject + attribute | Verb + adverbial expression | Object + attribute. The terms that follow the + in each case do not of course always occur, but when they do occur they must be taken with the terms that precede the +. Take for example the following sentences: Mors honesta saepe vitam turpem exornat, An honourable death often covers with glory a disgraceful life. Viri fortes in acie vulnera non sentiunt, Brave men do not feel wounds in the midst of the battle. We should arrange them thus: Now if we use the term Attributive to denote an Attribute or Attributive expression, and the term Adverbial to denote an Adverb or Adverbial expression, we may represent our expanded type-form thus: SUBJECT-PHRASE. VERB-PHRASE. OBJECT-PHRASE. Subject+Attributive. Verb+Adverbial. Object+Attributive. The learner should be taught to arrange simple sentences in this fashion, and in construing, to give the English for the words in each division collectively and not separately; for example, Mausolus, rex Cariae | habuit | Artemisiam coniugem, and not to render it word by word, thus-Mausolus, Mausolus; rex, king; Cariae, of Caria. |