ciples of other verbs to form Future tenses for the Infinitive Mood, as amaturus esse, to be about to love, and amaturus fuisse, to have been about to love. Sum has a simple future, fărě, and a compound future, futūrus esse, in its Infinitive mood. 3. The Past Participle is very extensively used. The Perfect tenses of the Passive voice are formed by combining this participle with parts of the verb sum; thus— amatus sum, I have been loved, or, I was loved. victus est, He has been conquered, or, He was conquered. victus erat, He had been conquered. NOTE. This participle is often used in quick and lively narration as a predicate without the insertion of any copula; thus Fusi hostes, The enemy were routed. Oppidum captum, The town was taken. So also the Gerundive Laudandus Regulus, Regulus is deserving of praise. THE IMPERATIVE MOOD. 89. The Imperative is used to express a Command or Entreaty. It has but one tense, the forms of which are applicable to the immediate or remote future. Da spatium vitae, multos da, Iuppiter, annos, Grant length Ne is used as a negative with the imperative Tu ne cede malis, Yield not to misfortunes.—VIRG. O formose puer, nimium ne crede colori, O handsome boy, trust not too much to beauty.-VIRG. The forms in to and tote are apparently used by prose writers with emphasis— Ad me litteras mitte, Send me a letter. Ad me litteras mittito, Be sure you send me a letter. Imperative Mood of SUM. SING. ěs or estō, be thou. PLUR. estě or estōtě, be ye. esto, let him be. sunto, let them be. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 90. The Subjunctive is the mood of— 1. Suggestion, as distinguished from Command (Imperative). 2. Thought, as distinguished from Fact (Indicative). It has four tenses, two Imperfect and two Perfect. The English renderings of these tenses are various, and must be learnt by the translation of Latin sentences. 91. The Subjunctive is used in the simple sentence to express a wish, a prayer, an exhortation, or a warning. 1. A wish, with or without utinam, O that :— Sis felix, May you be happy. Utinam tuis litteris paruissem, Would that I had followed the advice of your letter ! Utinam frater meus viveret, Would that my brother were still living! 2. A prayer― Det vitam, det opes, May he (Jupiter) grant me life! he grant me wealth !—HOR. may 3. An exhortation, generally in the plural, supplying the want of a first person in the Imperative Amemus patriam, pareamus senatui, Let us love our country, let us obey the senate. 4. A warning against doing something, with the negative ne. The perfect is generally used when a particular person is addressed Ne me monueris, Do not advise me. Ne mortem timueris, Do not fear death. 92. Of the eight kinds into which Latin words are divided, we have already mentioned six, viz., Verb, Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Preposition, and Adverb. The remaining two are the Conjunction and the Interjection. INTERJECTIONS. 93. These are either sounds expressing sudden feelings, as of joy, sorrow, approbation; as, Io, Hurrah! Heu, Alas! Euge, Well done! or abbreviated sentences, as mehercule me, Hercule, iuves, So help me, Hercules. = medius fidius = me Deus Fidius iuvet, So may the God of Faith help me. 94. Interjections are followed by various cases Vocative Io triumphe, Hurrah for the triumph! |