16. Iis legionibus; G. 414, 5, 1). See p. 79, line 31. 17. Operae ac laboris; G. 402, III. 18. Subduci in aridum subduci. See p. 71, line 34. 23. Eodem, unde, to the same place, from which; referring to the fortified position which he had taken from the enemy. See p. 80, lines 26 and 32. 25. Summa... administrandi, the supreme command and the entire management of the war. G. 431. 28. A mari...octoginta. Caesar here estimates the distance by the length of his own march from the coast.Huic cum... intercesserant, he (Cassivellaunus) had been engaged in continual wars with the other states; lit., continual wars had existed between him and (with) the other states. XII. - XIV. Description of Britain and its Inhabitants. 32. Quos natos... dicunt, who themselves say that there is a tradition that they were the aborigines of the island; lit., born in the island. Quos; subject of natos (esse). PAGE 81 1. Gallicis. For a brief notice of the Gallic dwellings, see p. 94, line 82 37, and p. 116, lines 7 to 11. 2. Ad certum. . . examinatis, of a definite weight; lit., weighed to a certain weight. 3. Mediterraneis. This is incorrect, as the tin mines are in Cornwall, in the south-west of England. 5. Materia, timber; i. e., wood, trees. 7. Haec; G. 445, 3, 1). 8. Animi causa, for the sake of amusement; lit., of the mind; i. e., to divert the mind. 13. Inferior. Supply angulus. 14. Millia... quingenta. irregularities of the coast. 17. Pari spatio . . . atque . ... This measurement must include the Britanniam, with as long a passage (i. e., into Britain) as is that from Gaul into Britain; lit., with an equal distance of passage, &c.— Pari spatio; Abl. of Characteristic with Hibernia. Atque, as. G. 587, I. 2. 19. Objectae, lying opposite; i. e., on this coast. 20. Dies... esse noctem; a false report. 22. Certis ex aqua mensuris, by accurate measurements by means of water; i. e., by the water clock, or clepsydra. 24. Septingentorum millium; G. 401. The true length is about 590 miles=610 Roman miles. PAGE 82 25. Tertium; i. e., tertium latus.- Contra septemtriones, opposite the north. This is of course incorrect. Caesar means the north-east side. 27. Millia ... octingenta. The true measurement is about 550 miles 570 Roman miles. The inaccuracy of this description of Britain will occasion no surprise when we consider that Caesar had at this time only the most imperfect means of information upon the subject. 35. Hoc, on this account. G. 414. — Horridiore aspectu; G. 428. 37. Parte rasa; G. 428. 83 2. Quo ad quos, to whom; lit., whither. 84 XV. -- XXIII. Caesar advances into the Interior. Several Tribes surrender. He returns to Gaul. 5. In itinere. The narrative, which has been interrupted by the description of Britain in the last three chapters, is here resumed from p. 81, line 23. 8. Intermisso spatio, an interval having elapsed. 13. Atque iis ... duarum, and that too (these) the first of two legions. The first cohort of each legion probably contained its best men. 14. Spatio, space, not time; though in line 9 above, it refers to time. 26. Pedibus, on foot. 31. Alios alii . . . exciperent, they relieved one another in succession. 38. Sic uti ab... absisterent, so that they (the enemy) did not keep aloof from the standards and legions. 15. Praefixis, driven into the ground in front of it; i. e., in front of or along the bank. 19. Quum capite ... exstarent, though they were above water with the head only; i. e., though only their heads were above the water. 26. Iis regionibus; G. 422, 1. 31. Nostrorum equitum, to (lit., of) our cavalry. 32. Hoc metu, by the fear of this. — Relinquebatur ut, it remained that; i. e., the result was that. 33. Discedi, to depart; Passive Impersonal. 38. Caesaris fidem secutus, seeking the protection of Caesar. 85 3. Ipse, while he himself. The connective is omitted. 4. Sese; the object of dedituros. The subject is omitted. G. 545, 2, 1). PAGE 7. Qui praesit, to preside over it. G. 500. Qui refers to Mandubratius. 85 11. Defensis, protected; i. e., against Cassivellaunus. 20. Natura atque operc, by nature and art. 27. Ad mare, on the sea-coast.-Supra. See p. 82, line 31. 30. Castra navalia, the naval camp, described on p. 81, lines 18 to 23. 36. Per Commium, by the aid of Commius. 38. Motus, movements; i. e., the revolts which he had reason to ap prehend. 1. Id... posse, that this (the remainder of the summer) could be 86 easily wasted; i. e., if he remained in Britain. 2. Quid vectigalis, what tribute; lit., what of tribute. 4. Interdicit atque imperat, prohibits and commands. 15. Numero; G. 429.— Locum caperent, reached their destination; lit., place. G. 495, 2. 17. Frustra. See Syn. L. C. 338. 19. Angustius... collocavit, stowed his soldiers more compactly; i. e., loaded his vessels more heavily than usual. XXIV. - XXXVII. Distribution of the Legions in their Winter Quarters. Revolt among the Eburones. 24. Angustius provenerat, had been produced (had grown) more sparingly than usual. 28. Quinto Ciceroni; the brother of the orator. Supply ducendam dedit from the preceding clause. 32. Unam legionem; object of misit. This is a new legion, recently Jevied north of the Po (trans Padum). 33. Cohortes quinque. Caesar here mentions eight legions and a half, but he may have retained the other half legion with himself at Samarobriva, or may have lost it in Britain. 1. Inopiae; G. 385, 2. ... 4. Millibus continebantur. The measurement seems to be incorrect, as the quarters of Sabinus, in the eastern part of Belgic Gaul, must have been more than a hundred miles from those of Crassus, in the western part of it. 6. Cognovisset; G. 522, II.; 532, 4. 7. Summo loco natus, born in the highest station; i. e., of a royal family. 9. In se, toward him; i. e., towards Caesar. 11. Hunc annum; G. 378. 12. Inimici. See Syn. L. C. 344.-Multis... auctoribus, with the approval, also, of many of the citizens. 20. Perventum; Impersonal Passive. Supply esse. 87 PAGE 87 22. Diebus... quibus, about fifteen days after. G. 427, 4. 37. Quinti Titurii = Quinti Titurii Sabini, called simply Sabinus in line 25 above, and Titurius on p. 88, line 22. SS 3. Plurimum ei debere, that he owed very much to him; i. e., to Caesar. 89 90 10. Esse ejusmodi, was of such a nature. —Non minus juris, no less authority. 14. Rerum; G. 399, 2. 18. Alterae; G. 151, 1. 21. Pro pietate, in respect to his duty to his country. - Habere nunc Caesaris, that he now had regard (rationen) to duty in return for the favors of Caesar. ... 23. Pro hospitio, because of friendship. 25. Ipsorum esse consilium, that it belonged to them to consider. G. 401. Ipsorum refers to Sabinus and Cotta. 30. Quod quum faciat, while he does this. 32. Gratiam referre. See Syn. L. C. 548. 3. Primorum ... centuriones. See note on p. 22, line 22. 7. Rem, the fact, explained by quod ... sustinuerint. 11. Quid esse levius, what is more inconsiderate? G. 530, 2. 13. Sero facturos, quum, that they would act too late, when; i. e., that it would be too late to act, when. ... 17. Profectum. Supply esse. - Neque . . . fuisse capturos, that otherwise the Carnutes would not have adopted.-Fuisse capturos; in the Direct Discourse, cepissent; but in line 20 venturos esse would be, in the Direct Discourse, venirent. G. 532, 2. 20. Non hostem... · spectare, that he looked not to the enemy, but to the fact itself, as his authority. 25. Persuaderet; G. 486, II.-Sine certa re, without sure grounds; i. e., without a good reason. 30. Cottae; construe with consilium. 34. In utramque partem, on each side. 36. Et id, and that too. G. 451, 2. 1. Hi, these; i. e., the soldiers. 2. Si... liceat, if it should be permitted by (through) you. 12. Dat manus, yields; lit., gives his hands; a figurative expression derived from the battle-field, where the vanquished offered their hands to be bound. 16. Omnia excogitantur, quare, all things are considered to show why.-Nec et non. 18. Ut quibus persuasum, as those would do who were persuaded. Supply i before quibus. 20. Datum. Supply esse. 29. Nostris; G. 391, 1. 32. Trepidare, concursare, etc.; Historical Infinitives. 33. Haec. Supply facere. G. 367, 3, 1).—Atque ut, and in such a ebay that. 38. Imperatoris. Supply officia. 3. Possent. Supply Titurius et Cotta.-Jusserunt. nos et centuriones. TAGE 90 Supply tribu- 91 4. In orbem consisterent, to arrange themselves in a circle. See note on orbe facto, p. 74, line 28. 7. Nostris militibus; G. 398, 5. 11. Carissima; G. 373, 3. — Petere. Supply ea. 14. Tota acie, along the whole line. G. 422, 1, 1). 15. Illorum, theirs; lit., of them, referring to the Gallic soldiers. 17. Virtute, numero; Abl. of Cause, not Specification.- Pugnando, in fighting. G. 566, 3. 20. Procurreret, made a charge. G. 486, 5. 25. Se; object of recipientes. 28. Eam partem, that portion of the army; i. e., the cohort itself. 31. Qui proximi steterant. The enemy in front of the cohort fell back, while those who stood next on either side closed in around it. 32. Locum tenere, to retain their place; i. e., in the circle, instead of sallying from it. 38. Tito Balventio depends upon transjicitur. G. 398, 5. 1. Primum pilum duxerat, had led the first maniple; i. e., had been 92 the chief centurion of the legion. 5. In adversum os, directly in the face. 12. Ipsi, to himself; i. e., to Titurius. 15. Ut excedant depends upon communicat,-proposes that they should withdraw, &c., if it should seem best. 19. In praesentia, at the time. 21. Ambiorigem; G. 437, 1. 34. Pauci... elapsi. As only a few escaped, Caesar must have lost, on this occasion, about six thousand men. The force of Sabinus and Cotta consisted of a legion and a half. See p. 86. XXXVIII. - XLIV. The Attack upon the Winter 3. Re demonstrata, the subject having been laid before them; refer- 93 ring both to his successes and his plans. 4. Sui liberandi; G. 563, 4. 7. Legatos duos; i. e., Titurius and Cotta. |