5. Cum congredi, to form an alliance with.

13. Effectis pontibus; i. e., he bridges the streams which he enecunters.

17. Habiturum. Supply eos, as object.

31. Intermisso spatio; i. e., between himself and the enemy. 37. In dubium non devocaturum, that he will not expose.

1. Ut... cogebat, as nature (natural love of country) compelled. 12. Longum esse; G. 475, 4, 1).

14. Ut audeant; G. 495.

23. Illum, him; i. e., the commander, Caesar.

29. Impetum modo, the onset merely; e., even the onset.

33. Civitatem recepit, recovered the state; i. e., to Roman authority. 35. Cum his, at the same time with these.

37. Quem... demonstravimus. See p. 77, lines 16 to 20.

IX., X. Caesar crosses the Rhine, and the Suebi retire before him.

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105

106

1. Postquam venit. The narrative is here resumed from the close 107 of Chapter VI.

3. Miserant, they (the Germans across the Rhine) had sent.

5. Quo ante. See p. 66.

6. Nota... ratione, as the plan was already known and settled; i. e., the bridge was constructed upon the same plan as that built the preceding

year.

11. Purgandi sui; G. 563, 4.

13. Fidem, their oath of allegiance.

14. Communi odio Germanorum, in consequence of his (Caesar's) general hatred of the Germans.

15. Poenas pendant, should suffer (pay) the penalty.— Amplius obsidum, more hostages. G. 396, III.

20. Omnes; construe with copias.

...

26. Ad iniquam deduci; i. e., he hoped that they could be induced to fight at a disadvantage.

32. Penitus... fines, back to their most remote frontiers.

35. Cheruscos ab... prohibere, to protect the Cherusci from injuries and incursions on the part of (from) the Suebi, and the Suebi on the part of the Cherusci.

XI. XX. The Manners and Customs of the Gauls.

1. Ad hunc locum, to this place; i. e., to this point in the narrative. 108 3. Quo; G. 429, 1. — Differant; G. 525.

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108 4. In omnibus pagis partibusque. Supply civitatum.

7. Eorum judicio, in their judgment; i. e., in the judgment of the Gauls.

8. Quorum has the same antecedent as qui in line 6.

11. Auxilii; G. 409, 1.-Quisque, each one; i. c., each leader or patron.

12. Si faciat, habet; G. 511, II.

13. In summa, in general. Galliae; G. 401.

16. Hi, the latter; i. e., the Sequani.

29. Imperfecta re, without having accomplished his object.

32. Eorum, of these; i. e., of the Aedui.

33. Se uti, that they enjoyed. — Reliquis rebus, by all other means.

36. Adaequare. Supply Aeduos as object.

109 1. Illi, they; i. e., the Remi. - Ita, thus; i. e., by defending their dependants.

3. Longe principes, by far the foremost.

5. Aliquo numero atque honore, of any account and honor. G. 428.

7. Nullo; G. 151, 1.

11. Quae dominis. Supply sunt.

16. Apud eos, among them; i. e., among the Gauls.

19. Iidem; G. 451, 3.

21. Sacrificiis interdicunt; i. e., they excommunicate him.

29. Suffragio; construe, like armis, with contendunt.

34. Disciplina, the system; i. e., the Druidical system.

37. Illo, thither; i. e., to Britain.

110 4. Ibi, there; i. e., in the schools of the Druids.

8. Rationibus, transactions.

13. Hoc persuadere, to inculcate this doctrine.
21. Quod; G. 445, 7.

24. Ut quisque-ita; G. 458, 2.

27. Religionibus, religious rites.

35. Simulacra; probably colossal representations of their gods, constructed of combustible materials, for the temporary purpose here indicated.

111 3. Descendunt, they resort.

6. Viarum, itinerum. See Syn. L. C. 156.

8. Apollinem. Supply colunt.

18. Posita tollere, to remove those things which have been deposited; i. e., in sacred places.

21. Ab Dite patre, from Dis (Pluto) as their father. They seem to have meant that they were the offspring of the earth, the aborigines of the

country.

22. Ob eam causam; i. e., because of their descent from Pluto, the god of the lower world, the realm of darkness and night.

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25. Ut... subsequatur, so that the day follows the night; i. e., they 111 began their day not at midnight, but at sunset.

26. Hoc fere, chiefly in this. G. 429.

32. Tantas ex suis... communicant, so much from their own property do they add to the dowries.

34. Vita superarit, shall survive the other. G. 429.

1. In servilem modum, like slaves; i. e., by torture, which might be 112 resorted to in the case of slaves.

2. Si compertum est, if their guilt is proved.

4. Pro cultu Gallorum, considering (for) the Gallic mode of life.

5. Vivis cordi fuisse, to have been dear (for the heart) while alive. G. 390.

6. Paulo supra hanc memoriam, a little before the present gener

ation.

10. Legibus sanctum, established by law. Sanctum belongs to uti . communicet.

15. Quae visa sunt, which it has seemed best to conceal; lit., which have seemed good.

17. Per concilium, in the council.

XXI. - XXIV. The Manners and Customs of the
Germans.

19. Hac consuetudine; i. e., Gallorum.

23. Vulcanum; a personification, for fire. — Acceperunt, they have heard.

25. Ab parvulis, from early childhood. See Syn. L. C. 408.

31. Parvis... tegimentis, small garments of deerskins.

36. Gentibus cognationibusque; construe with attribuunt.

37. Quantum; construe with agri.

38. Alio, to another place.

2. Studium ... commutent, they may exchange the pursuit of war 113 for agriculture. G. 416, 2.

10. Vastatis finibus, by devastating their frontiers; 1. e., the country on their borders.

11. Virtutis; G. 391, 2, 4).

16. Communis magistratus, general magistrate; i. e., with jurisdiction over the whole country.

23. Profiteantur, may give in their names. G. 530, II. Supply ii.
25. Ex his, of these; i. e., of those who had volunteered.
26. Omnium... fides, all confidence; lit., of all things.
32. Superarent; G. 518, 2.

1. Bellicae opinionem, reputation for martial prowess.

114

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114 4. Provinciarum; i. e., of the Roman provinces on either side of the

Alps.

7. Ipsi, they themselves, the Gauls. Cum illis, with them, the Ger

mans.

XXV.-XXVIII.

The Hercynian Forest.

9. Expedito, to an unencumbered traveller. G. 385.

12. Recta... regione, in a straight line along (of) the river Danube;

i. e., it follows the straight course of the river.

13. Diversis ... regionibus, in a direction away from the river. 15. Hujus Germaniae, of this part of Germany; i. e., of Western Germany, where Caesar then was.

16. Ad initium, to the beginning; i. e., the eastern end.

20. Memoriae prodenda, worthy to be mentioned.

21. Bos cervi figura; G. 428, 2. Caesar probably means the reindeer, but his description is inaccurate.

22. Unum cornu. The reindeer has a pair of horns.

23. Sicut palmae, like the palm of the hand; i. c., like the open hand.

27. Varietas, varied color.

29. Sine nodis articulisque. This statement is of course incorrect. Caesar was evidently misled by the accounts of others.

30. Afflictae, thrown down.

35. Omnes; construe with arbores. undermine at the roots.

A radicibus subruunt, they

37. Infirmas arbores, the weakened trees. 115 1. Est eorum, consists of these. G. 401. 8. Quae sint testimonio; G. 390, 2; 500.

XXIX. XXXIV. Caesar scatters the Forces of Am biorix, and lays waste the Country of the Eburones.

14. Postquam. After his long digression on the manners of the Gauls and Germans, Caesar here resumes, from p. 107, the account of his expedition against the Suevi.

29. Millibus quingentis; a remarkable exaggeration. An error may have been introduced into the text by some early copyist.

116 3. Priusquam fama afferetur, before any rumor was brought.

5. Fuit. The subject is ipsum... mortem. - Omni... instrumento, every implement of war.

7. Hoc eo factum est, this (the escape) happened in this way.

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17. An tempore exclusus, or prevented by the shortness of the time. 116 G. 346, II. 2, 1).

24. Alienissimis, to utter strangers.

29. Taxo, with yew: probably with the berry.

34. Neve judicaret; G. 490, 1.- Omnium esse causam, that the cause of all the Germans was one; i. e., that they had made common cause. 37. Questione captivorum, by an examination of the prisoners.

38. Si ita fecissent, if they would do so. G. 532, 4.

9. Ex his tribus ... transduxerat. See p. 103, line 13.

17. Scaldem... in Mosam. Here Caesar's geography seems to be

at fault; but some have conjectured that in Caesar's time a branch of the Scheldt actually emptied into the Meuse.

19. Post diem septimum; construe with reversurum. G. 427, 2. 23. Commodo; G. 414, 2.

33. Ab...dispersis, from the terrified and scattered enemy.

37. Confertos, in compact bodies.

117

7. Ut... praetermitteretur, that there might be some omission in 118 injuring; i. c., that less injury should be done the enemy.

14. Pro tali facinore, for such a crime. The Eburones had massacred the troops under Sabinus and Cotta, and joined the Nervii in besieging the quarters of Cicero. See pp. 87 to 99.

XXXV.-XLIV. The Sigambri make an unsuccessful Attack upon Aduatuca. Caesar places his Army in Winter Quarters.

19. Possit, afferat. The Present is here used to denote a general truth.

26. Supra docuimus. See p. 65, line 19.

29. Multos... dispersos, many (of the Eburones) scattered in flight. 34. Profectum. Supply eum and esse.

37. Fortunatissimis; G. 547, II. - Tribus horis; G. 426, 2, (3). 1. Praesidii tantum est, there is so small a garrison.

2. Cingi, to be manned; lit., encompassed; i. e., with soldiers.

6. Cicero; subject of mittit, line 18.—Qui continuisset; G. 515, II. 14. Quo offendi posset, by which any harm could be done; i. e., to his men. -Novem... legionibus, as nine legions were opposed to the snemy; i. e., had gone to meet them.

16. In millibus... tribus, within three miles; i. c., of the camp. 18. Quas inter; G. 602, II. 1.

119