PAGE than the praperfect, because the writer wishes simply to give the fact in 3 past time, without relation to the time in abstinuisse. 4 6. Enetâm. The Eneti are mentioned by Homer as a Paphlagonian people, in II. 2, 852. They lived on the river Parthenius. Their king, Pylæmenes, was slain by Menelaus. 9. Euganeis. The origin of this people is unknown; perhaps they were a branch of the Umbrians. They lived in Northern Italy, on the slopes of the Alps, near the lakes Sebinus and Benacus, and the river Athesis. 10. In quem...locum Troja vocatur; an attraction of the antecedent (locum) into the relative clause, for locus in quem, etc. The present tense seems to indicate that even in Livy's time these names continued. So also below, 1. 16, Troja...est, of the place near the mouth of the Tiber. 11. Pagoque Trojano. Trojano is attracted into the case of pago instead of being put by apposition (Trojanum) to nomen. 13. Ab simili clade ; ab, from, i. e., in consequence of; and simili refers back to variis casibus. 16. Laurentem agrum; the territory of Laurentum in Latium, near the mouth of the Tiber.-Tenuisse; sc. cursum. 17. Ut quibus...superesset. For the subjunctive, H. 519, 3. 4. Audierit. The subjunctive, not because of the word postquam, but because it is in a subordinate clause of the oratio obliqua. H. 531. 7. Condendæque urbis locum; not, a place for building the city (for which the dative urbi condendæ would have been used), but the place for the city which was to be built. The idea is, that the will of the gods has destined the building of the city, and they are in search of the appointed place. 15. Lavinium; a Latin town on the sea-coast, near the Ager Laurens. It was the central place of the Latin League, especially for all religious rites. II. War of the Latins and Trojans with the Rutulians, and the death of Eneas. 19. Turnus; mentioned by Virgil in Æn. 10, 76, as grandson of Pilumnus, and son of the goddess Venilia. The Rutuli lived on the bank of the Numicus, and southward on the coast toward Terracina. Their capital was Ardea. 24. Mezentium...regem. The Etruscan word for the Latin rex was Lucumo. The Etruscans, called also Tyrrhenians and Tuscans, had twelve confederated cities, each governed by a Lucumo. Mezentius is mentioned by Virgil, Æn. 8, 582. 25. Cære; abl. of place, the noun being used here as indeclinable. The earlier name of the place was Agylla, and the modern name is Cer- PAG veteri. 26. Inde; with ab initio points back to a distant period, and jam strengthens the meaning: from the very beginning. Hand, Turs. 3, p. 367. 27. Nimio. For the abl., H. 418; literally, more by too much; may be translated far more. 33. His animis; these dispositions, referring to studio ac fide. 4 1. Implesset. Pluperfect, because Etruria had already become thus 5 powerful before the arrival of Æneas.-Monibus; abl. of instrument; by his walls; through the protection they afforded him. 2. Secundum; here in the sense of fortunate. See below in c. 3, on p. 5, line 22, fusis Etruscis. 4. Quemcumque...est. These words are interposed from a religious scruple in regard to using any name for one now thought of as divine. 5. Indigetem. Indiges, from indu = in and gigno (genitum), and so literally meaning indigenous, or native, is a term applied, as here, to any one worshipped after death as divine, and as the guardian deity of the land in which, in his earthly life, he had ruled. III. Reign of Ascanius, the founding of Alba Longa, and the succession of Alban kings. 11. Hiccine...quem, etc. -were the one whom, etc. supplied. Whether this Ascanius, or an elder than he 16. Ut tum. Ut limits the meaning of florentem and opulentam, as things then were. It was a flourishing city, considering the circumstances of those times. 18. Albano monte. The Alban Mount, now Monte Cavo, about twelve miles southeast of Rome, and near by the Alban Lake. Just to the west of the Alban Mount, on a long ridge (dorso), Alba Longa was built, which was the mother-city of Rome. 20. Albam Longam; acc. of place. 25. Ausi sint. For the mood, H. 494, for the tense H. 482, 2. The perfect gives more emphasis to the result, which is thus given as an historical fact in general, and not merely in relation to the time of the principal verb. See Madvig, § 382, Obs. 3. 29. Prisci Latini. Prisci, probably originally not an adjective, but the name of a people, and joined with Latini after the analogy of patres conscripti and other words, and meaning originally the Priscans and the Latins. The coloniæ, as they are here called, were, according to some, eighteen; according to others, thirty; but probably they were thirty independent towns, who were so closely connected with Alba that they PAGE were supposed to be colonies, and were ascribed to Latinus, because 5 called Prisci Latini. 6 36. Per manus expresses immediate succession. IV. The legend of the birth of Romulus and Remus; and how they were exposed and rescued, and brought up. 9. Sed debebatur, etc. Sed is adversative in reference to the schemes of Amulius, which were to prove ineffectual. Deberi fatis is used of things which are bound, by destiny, or by the will of the deity, to take place; and the imperfect debebatur, which would mean literally was being destined, shows that now the divine will was passing into accomplishment. It may be translated: but it was now the time, as I think, for the destined origin of so great a city, etc. 10. Secundum, a preposition meaning next after. 16. Forte quadam divinitus. There seems to be a contradiction in this expression; and so some editors, and recently Madvig, have interposed a conjectural an between quadam and divinitus; but that is arbitrary and unnecessary. The thing is conceived as accidental, relative to the knowledge of men, and yet of divine direction; by a certain providential occurrence. So the Greek θείᾳ τινὶ τύχῃ. 17. Tiberis effusus; these words make the subject of the verbs poterat and dabat, and at the same time the ground for what is contained in them, and their clauses. The fact of the overflow of the river made it impossible to reach its regular channel, ad justi cursum amnis, and also awakened the hope that the children might be drowned in the water,.al though it was still. Construe thus: Tiberis effusus super ripas lenibus stagnis nec-poterat, et-dabat. 20. Velut defuncti. Velut expresses the thought of the attendants. They fancied the order executed by exposing the children in the nearest pool, but in reality they had been ordered to throw them into running water. 21. Ruminalis, from rumis-mamma, and alluding to the suckling of the children under the tree. The tree stood, as the story goes, on the Germalus, the part of the Palatine which lies over against the Capitol. Romularis was an earlier name for it. 27. Invenerit. For the tense, H. 482, 2; and see n. on ausi sint, above, c. 3. 28. Faustulo; see above, note, c. 1., on pago; ei is understood as dat. of possessor. 35. Subsistere means here withstood. V. Romulus and Remus are acknowledged by their grandfather, and Amulius is put to death. PAGE 1. Lupercal; the name of, 1, a place on the Palatine, where were an 7 altar and a grove sacred to the god Lupercus, or Pan (called Lupercus, quasi lupos arcens); 2, as here, of a Roman festival, celebrated in honor of Lupercus, as the god of fertility. Hoc shows that the festival was still observed in Livy's time. 4. Ex eo genere; eo refers back to Pallanteum. Tempestatibus used in the sense of temporibus.-Tenuerit; subjunctive, because belonging to the oratio obliqua; but, below, vocaverunt is used, because the writer makes the statement himself. 5. Sollemne. Sollemne and ludicrum are used of the same occasion, the former touching its religious side, the latter its festive. 6. Lycæum. Mt. Lycæus in Arcadia was near Pallanteum, and was thought of as the birthplace of Pan. 9. Ob iram prædæ amissæ. On account of their anger at the loss of the booty. Not prædæ alone, but prædæ amissæ, makes the object of iram. 11. Ultro; besides, a meaning which comes from the local meaning beyond. They went further than might have been expected.-Crimini ; supply is for the other dative, and for the construction of dare with two datives, H. 390, ii. 20. Numitori; for dative, H. 398, 5. 23. Eodem; i. e., the same conclusion as Faustulus in respect to the origin of the children. The following clause denotes a result, so that he was not far from, etc. VI. Numitor is reinstated in the government of Alba Longa. Romulus and Remus form the design of building a city. 30. Numitor inter primum, etc. This sentence well illustrates the facility with which the Latin language expresses a great variety of collateral circumstances in one sentence, without injury to the unity and perspicuity of the sentence, and even to their direct advantage. Here Numitor ostendit is the principal clause; all the others are subordinate, and depend upon the one principal clause, with the utmost order and distinctness. The sentence illustrates the several constructions, by means of which such a period is formed, viz., by the use of the part. agreeing with the subject of the principal clause, dictitans; by the abl. abs., verpetrata cæde, advocato concilio, and by conjunctions, quum—avocasset, postquam vidit. See Z. 817; Madvig, § 477. 32. Avocasset. The military were withdrawn from the palace to the PAGE citadel, under the pretence that the latter must needs be maintained, and 7 so the palace was exposed, and Amulius taken and put to death. In arcem obtinendam in arcem ad eam obtinendam. 8 9 37. Concionem. Concio is now used instead of concilium, because it is a gathering of the people, called together to listen to a communication to be made to them. Concilium is used for a more select assembly for deliberation.-Agmine; with their train of attendants. It is an ad verbial ablative. 5. Et supererat. Et is explanatory as well as conjunctive. And indeed there was a superfluous population of Albans and Latins; the population was too large for Alba and the other Latin cities. 7. Facerent; potential; might readily awaken the hope. 10. Quoniam...essent...posset. The subjunctive, because the reasons are ascribed to Romulus and Remus. H. 520, II. 12. Tutela...essent. Tutela, predicate genitive; H. 401. Essent, subjunctive by attraction; H. 527. 14. Ad inaugurandum templa; as places set off for observing the auguries. Templum, contracted from tempulum, from tempus, root tem, from which also the Gr. Téμvw, means literally something cut off. Thus, from the primary meaning of an open space set off, we have, 1, a consecrated place in general, and, 2, such a place for the worship of a deity, a temple. VII. Remus is slain by Romulus, and the city, when built, ruled over by Romulus, and named from him. Story of Hercules' arrival in Italy, and of his worship introduced by Evander. 23. Ludibrio fratris; in derision of his brother. 25. Sic deinde; a word is to be supplied from interfectum, e. g., interficietur. 28. Palatium. The building of the city on the Palatine hill, which is quadrangular in shape, gave rise to the name Roma Quadrata. 29. Græco; agrees with ritu. 37. Agendo; in opposition to aversos; by driving them before him. 16. Litterarum. This tradition thus ascribes to Evander the introduction of the alphabet into Italy; miraculo is used, because it was then so little known. 29. Ara condita; to be connected with se and referred to Hercules. He would fulfil the decree of the fates by the building and dedication of the altar. The ara maxima was in the Forum Boarium, which was in the valley between the Palatine and the Aventine, on the side toward the Tiber. |