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13. Plures quam pro numero, i. e. more than the fourth or fifth 221 part, that are usually reckoned able to bear arms.

15. Hanc adversus urbem. Hanc is put first, as the emphatic word: such was the city against which, etc. T. allows himself in such liberties oftener than most Latin authors.

16. Subita belli, lit. sudden modes of warfare. Cf. A. 37. Here it manifestly refers to carrying the city by storm, in contradistinction to the gradual approaches of a regular siege. The use of abnuere, in the sense of forbidding a thing, belongs to the later Latin, and is a favorite usage of T. Cf. Boet. Lex. Tac.

The foregoing thirteen sections are all that remain of our author's history of the Jewish war. The major part of his entire Histories is lost (cf. Preliminary Remarks, p. 231), and, with the rest, his narrative of the destruction of Jerusalem, a tragic scene which T. must have described with great power-fit theme for such a master, as he was a master fully adequate to such a theme.

CH. XIV.-21. Malam or defeat, described 4, 77. 78

....

pugnam. The unsuccessful battle,

23. Tutus loco. The security of the situation involves the first reason. Observe the varied grammatical construction, by which T. chooses to express the same logical relation.-Et ut.... animi. This clause assigns a second reason why Civilis encamped at Vetera (which he had previously taken and plundered, 4, 60). 24. Eodem. Old dat. used adverbially 26. Post victoriam, sc. that gained by Cerialis and the 21st legion over Civilis. Cf. 4, 78.

to the same place.

28. Arcebat. Hindered, sc. an engagement. Observe the author's conciseness.

29. Addiderat, i. e. had interposed as an additional obstacle to an engagement, over and above the natural wetness of the plains (camporum suopte ingenio humentium).—Molem = a dam of wood or stone; agger, a dike of earth. Or.

30. Ea.... forma. Such was the nature of the country (locality).-33. Proceritas corporum. Cf. G. 4: magna corpora. CH. XV.-35. Ferocissimo cuique. Dat. of the agent = a ferocissimo quoque. Cf. notes, 1, 86: auctoribus, and 3, 12: Vespasiano. 37. Arma, equi. Notice the asyndeton. The arms were first dropped by the horsemen in their trepidation, and then they sunk to the bottom (haurirentur).

1. Pedestri acie. A land fight in opposition to a naval battle 222 (navali pugna). So pedestris is often used by the best Latin authors, like πεζοί, πεζομαχία, etc., in Greek.

6. Egredi paludem. Cf. note, 4, 44: egressos exsilium.

CH. XVI.-17. Propiora fluminis. The parts nearer the river. Propior and proximus may be followed by the gen. in this sense. Cf

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2223, 42: proxima litorum; Ann. 3, 1: proxima maris ; Sall. Jug. 48: fluminis propinqua loca; Lucr. 4, 339: propior caliginis aer. So Wr. Others take propiora fluminis to mean the parts of the river nearer the bank, where the Germans could fight to advantage (cf. 14), and whence they might annoy the flank of the Romans. So Freund seems to understand it. Vid. sub voce. Cf. note, 2: propiora Syriae. 19. Cerialis, sc. memorat.

20. Ut... exciderent. Al. exscinderent. Wr., Död. and many others place a colon after exciderent, and make it depend on a verb of entreaty or command understood. But such a verb is not appropriate to the previous clause; and in such a case the ut would be omitted. Cf. 3, 5: celeraret; 3, 10: injicerent; 3, 68: retinerent, et passim. 23. Quod roboris fuerit. This clause is in app. with Germanos. The Germans constituted all the real strength of Civilis.

25. Proprios.... legionibus. We learn from 4, 68, that the 14th legion had been summoned from Britain; the 6th from Spain, where it seems to have taken the lead in proclaiming Galba emperor (cf. 1, 4); and the 2d was a recently enlisted legion-hence illa primum acie.... nova signa, etc.

29. Praevectus. Passing along the lines, before (prae) the legions.-Manus tendebat. As a sign of entreaty. Cf. 1, 36.

CH. XVII.—34. Silentem... aciem, i. e. he not only addressed his troops, as Cerialis had addressed the Romans, but they responded with shouts. Or. Ita dicimus silens vel tacitum iter facere. Wr.-Locum, sc. Vetera. Cf. 14, and notes there.

223 2. Dum.... impediunt. The general rule requires the subj. in such dependent clauses in the oratio obliqua. Cf. Gr. 266, 2; Z. 603. But when the dependent clause expresses a fact independent of the speaker's opinion, it is put in the ind. Gr. 266, 2, R. 5; Z. 603.

5. Guaros, in the passive sense (known to) is found only in T.— Rhenum.... deos. Probably Civilis means to speak of the Rhine as a divinity, and so it is represented on some ancient coins. See a similar appeal to the sun and stars, as divinities, by a German chief, in Ann. 13, 55, and Grote's note on the same, Hist. Greece, vol. i. p. 465. The word Rhein = a stream, in Celtic or old German.

6. Capesserent. Subj. for the imp. of the oratio recta. Z. 603, c. 9. Ita.... mos. Cf. G. 11. 11. Neque .... et. Correl. Our soldiers on the one hand not entering the marsh (cf. 14. 15, supra), and the Germans on the other assailing them (saxis glandibusque) to draw them off, sc. into the

marsh.

CH. XVIII.-16. Quam.... retulimus. Cf. 14, supra, where and in 15, see incidents similar to and illustrative of those here narrated.

20. Terga.... promittens. Lit. promising him the rear of the

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enemy, i. e. to bring the cavalry upon their rear, if sent agreeably to 223 his suggestion. Others take terga in the sense of flight, rout.

21. Extremo paludis. Abl. of the way. Cf. 4, 15: Oceano; 4, 68: Alpibus.-22. Illa, sc. parte.

27. Institit, sc. fugientibus Germanis.

CH. XIX.-29. Superiorem provinciam. Upper Germany. Cf note, 1, 9: inferioris Germaniae.

30. Gallo Annio. See 4, 68, and note, ibid.

32. Oppidum Batavorum. These words have greatly perplexed the commentators. Some take oppidum to be a proper name; others a common noun; but what walled town is referred to, they cannot agree. Several editors, and Ukert in his Geography, adopt the reading oppida.

33. Insulam. Formed by the mouths of the Rhine, and constituting the chief territory of the Batavi. Cf. G. 29.

35. Molem.... factam. Cf. Ann. 3, 53.

38. Abacto amne. The river was drawn off by its steeper (prono alveo) and more natural channel on the Gallic side of the island, as soon as the dam on that side was broken down.-Insulam inter. Observe the position of inter. Cf. notes, 2, 78; 4, 77.

3. Senatores. We find a senate instituted among the Frisii. 224 Ann. 11, 19.

4. Quem.... memoravimus, sc. 3, 35. There, however, Montanus is said to have been sent into Germany, by which, if we understand Germany Cisrhenana or Belgica, which was properly a part of Gaul, there will be no real contradiction. Cf. note, 1, 9: inferioris Germaniae. So Brot. and Wr.

CH. XX.-8. Superfuit.

Remained, sc. after the defeat of Civilis, as related in the foregoing section.

9. Quadripartito, sc. exercitu. Cf. Ann. 13, 39.

10. Arenaci, Batavoduri, etc. Walled towns of the Batavians, whose exact position is so disputed, that we shall not attempt to identify them. Cf. Rup., Or. and Ukert's and Walckenaer's Geog. of Gaul. 13. Traherent. Compare with this imperf. the perf. invaserit, and note, 1, 24: dederit.

14. Affore and posse. kindred word to be supplied.

intercipi depend on fiducia, or some

16. Obvenerant. Had been allotted. Cf. A. 6: jurisdictio obvenerat.-17. Decumanorum. The soldiers of the 10th legion.

18. Materiis. Wood for building, fortifying, etc. Wood, considered as to its nature and substance, is lignum; in reference to its uses, materia. Cf. Rams. Syn. 638. Wood intended expressly for burning, is also usually called lignum.

21. Rumpere. So nearly all the editions. Wr., with most of the MSS. and earliest editions, reads irrumpere, which he takes in the

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224 sense interrupt. But T. uses irrumpere in the sense of break in or rush into (cf. 3, 9: stationes... irrumpit), and the ir- may easily have attached itself to rumpere by mistake from the last syllable of the previous word.

CH. XXI.-27. Quem.... diximus, sc. 4, 70. Cf. also 2, 22. 29. Versa fortuna is abl. abs.

33. Ne tum quidem.... classis, etc. Not even at this time did the fleet, etc. The emphatic ne tum quidem has reference to a like failure of the fleet to do its duty in a former battle. Cf. 18.

34. Sed. But, i. e. notwithstanding their orders.—Et remiges, etc. Observe the attraction for et quod remiges, etc. = and the fact that the rowers, etc. Cf. Essay, p. 18.

35. Sane. Indeed, or the fact is.

37. Defuissent. Subj. after ubi = cum in the sense of although. Gr. 263, 5, R. 1; Z. 577. Notice the effect of the plup.: fortune favored even, though skill had not been used.

38. Paucos post dies, sc. as described in the next section. For this way of designating a definite time, cf. Gr. 253, R. 1. Zumpt (477) gives eight different modes of expressing the same time.

225 1. Quanquam... evasisset. Quanquam seldom with Cic., but usually with T., is followed by the subj. Z. 574, Note. Wr. says, that when followed by the subj. it denotes a closer causal connection, than when followed by the ind. Tamen is omitted in the beginning of the antith. clause, as it often is by T.

CH. XXII.-3. Novesium. Cf. note, 4, 26.-Bonnam. Cf. note, 4, 19.

6. Germanis. Dat. for abl. with a, so often used by T.-Composuere. Planned, lit. put together.

7. Prono.... rapti. Borne rapidly down the current of the stream. This is a frequent sense of rapio.-Vallum, sc. where the troops of Cerialis had encamped for the night, with the fleet moored at the bank near by.

11. Utque.... silentio. Supply by zeugma some verb correlative to miscebant: And as they approached in silence in order to escape observation, so when the slaughter was begun, etc.

13. Exciti. Awaked out of sleep.

16. Praetoriam navem. The ship of the commander, praetor originally denoting any leader (prae-itor).

17. Abripiunt. They hurry it away, sc. from the fleet. Cf notes, 2, 26. 36; 4, 27. Compare rapti above.

20. Silere. Here, as usual, opposed to all noise. Tacere is opposed to speech.

21. Signo et vocibus. The sound of the trumpet and the watchwords, though some take them by hendiadys, as both relating to watchwords.-Se.... lapsos depends on excusabant.

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22. Multa luce. In broad daylight.

23. Luppia. A branch of the Rhine, now the Lippe in Westphalia.-Veledae. Cf. 4, 61, and note, ibid. on more, quo, etc.

225

CH. XXIII.-24. Incessit. Invades, seizes. Cf. 2, 63: ubi formido incessisset.

25. Complet.

Furnishes with sailors and soldiers, mans. So in

Greek, wλnpouv vaỡs. Cf. Herod. 8, 43.-Quod .... agebantur. All his galleys with two banks of rowers, and those which were propelled by a single bank. This is referred to as a test passage, as to the meaning of biremes, triremes, etc. Cf. Ernesti and Rup. in loc.

26. Tricenos. Observe the distributive force three hundred men each.

27. Armamenta. The rigging of these boats was similar to that of the Roman liburnæ. But the captured boats were fitted out in a unique manner, sagulis versicoloribus.-Captae lintres, sc. those taken from the Romans. Cf. 22: captivis navibus. Al. aptae lintres. The reading of the whole sentence is doubtful and perplexed. 28. Juvabantur, sc. in cursu. Rup.

29. Velut aequoris, i. e. a sea-like expanse at the mouth of the river Meuse.

32. Gallia for ex Gallia. Cf. Essay, p. 11.-Miraculo... metu. More in wonder than in fear, lit. from the wonderfulness, sc. of the fact that Civilis should venture on such an engagement. Cf. 1, 27: miraculo.

35. His. The latter, sc. Cerialis and his followers.-Illi. The former, sc. the partisans of Civilis.

1. Intactos. Al. intactas.-Nota arte. According to a well-226 known policy, with a view to excite the jealousy of Civilis' followers, as if he must have some understanding with the Roman general. Hannibal pursued the same policy in reference to the estates of Fabius in Italy. Liv. 22, 23.-Flexu autumni. Near the close of autumn, lit. at its turning point. Cf. Cic. pro Cael.: flexu aetatis; Ann. 1, 16: flexo in vesperam die.

5. Differebantur = dirimebantur, were separated, torn asunder. This is the primary meaning of differo. See Freund, sub voce. Cf. also Hor. Epod. 5, 99: insepulta membra different lupi. Al. deferebantur.

That the legions might

CH. XXIV. 6. Potuisse.... Civilis. at this time have been destroyed, and that the Germans wished it done, but were diverted from the purpose by a fraudulent device of his own, Civilis claimed should be set down to his credit. Cf. note, 1, 71: ultro imputavit.

7. Neque abhorret vero. Nor is this irreconcilable with the truth. Observe the omission of a before vero. See the more common construction in 2, 2: neque abhorrebat a Berenice. But in Ann. 1, 54, we have abhorrebat studiis without a Poetical, Z. 468.