The very presence of a true-hearted friend yields often ease to our grief.—' R. Sibbs, Soules Conflict, 14; ed. 1658, p. 199. In the very centre or focus of the great curve of volcanoes is placed the large island of Borneo.-Alfred Russel Wallace, The Malay Archipelago, ch. i. A choice illustration may be had from a letter written in 1666 by the wife of the English ambassador at Constantinople to her daughter Poll in England, which Poll has been adopted by a rich relative, and is inclining to vanity1 Whereas if it were not a piece of pride to have y° name of keeping yr maide, she yt waits on yr good grandmother might easily doe as formerly you know she hath done, all ye business you have for a maide, unless as you grow oldr you grow a veryer Foole, which God forbid ! Certain is an adjective which has been presentive not long ago, but it is now completely pronominalised : At Clondilever, a farmer was returning from his usual attendance at the Roman Catholic Chapel on Sunday, when he was stopped by five men with revolvers, who warned him that if he interfered any further with a certain person as to possession of a certain field, &c.—April 30, 1870. 498. Our last adjectival pronouns shall be one and its derivative only. The only prime minister mentioned in history whom his contemporaries reverenced as a saint.-William Robertson, Charles V, Bk. I. A.D. 1517. One has already been largely spoken of in the former section, where it was seen to occupy an important place. But its substantival function is after all less important in the development of our language than its adjectival habit; because out of this has grown that member which is the most distinctive perhaps that can be fixed upon as the mark of a modern language. The definite article is found in some of the ancient languages, as in Hebrew and Greek, but none 1 of this vain Poll, the great grand-daughter was Jane Austen, and it is in the Memoir of the latter, by the Rev. J. E. Austen-Leigh (Bentley, 1870), that this admirable letter has been published. Hh of them had produced an Indefinite Article. The general remark has already been made in an earlier chapter, that it is in the symbolic element we must seek the distinctive character of the modern as opposed to the ancient languages. And we may appeal to the indefinite article as the most recent and most expressive feature of this modern characteristic. In the Greek of the New Testament there are certain indications (known to scholars) of something like an indefinite article. In its adjectival use this pronoun is generally set in antithesis to another; as,— Yf one Sathan cast out another.-Matt. xii. tr. Coverdale, 1535 Out of this has been produced the indefinite article. It has not sprung directly from the numeral one, but from that word after it has passed through the refining discipline of a pronominal usage. The old spelling of the numeral was ấn; and this ancient form is preserved in the article an or a. This gives us occasion to remark that old forms are often preserved in the more elevated functions, while the original and inferior function has admitted changes. 499. Having thus indicated the sources of our two articles, let us observe that they still carry about them the traces of their extraction. The magnifying quality of the demonstrative that has been noticed above. Its descendant the definite article retains something of this ancestral quality. We all know how the ceremonious The adds grandeur to a name, and how all titles of office and honour are jealously retentive of this prefix. On the other hand, the indefinite article, which is descended from the littlest of the numerals, exercises a diminishing effect, as in the following: This little life-boat of an earth, with its noisy crew of a mankind, and all their troubled history, will one day have vanished.-Thomas Carlyle, Essays; Death of Goethe. These minute vocables are the real 'winged words' of human speech; or, to speak with more exactness, they are the wings of other words, by means of which smoothness and agility is imparted to their motion. It is in the articles that the symbolic element of language reaches one of its most advanced points of development; and it is not by means of these alone, but by means of that whole system of words of which these are eminent types, that the modern languages when compared with the ancient are found to excel in alacrity and sprightliness. III. ADVERBIAL PRONOUNS. 500. This chapter of pronouns keeps up on the whole a parallel course to the chapter on nouns. Like that, it is divided into three main sections, Substantives, Adjectives, Adverbs. Moreover, as in that chapter the third section assumed a trifid form, so also here do we find ourselves compelled by the nature of the subject to divide this final section into three paragraphs. In this symbolic as well as in that presentive region, the adverbs assume the three forms of Flat, Flexional, and Phrasal. (1) Of the Flat Pronoun-Adverbs. The higher we mount in the structure of language the more delicate a matter it will be to make sharp distinctions. The presentive adverbs pass off by such fine and imperceptible shadings into a symbolic state, that the boundary line must needs be exposed to uncertainty. The examples which follow may therefore be considered as a continuation of the corresponding group in the section of nounal adverbs, and differing from them only in the degree of sublimation. All. A pronominal adverb of great delicacy and power: Through the veluet leaues the winde, All vnseene, can passage finde. Loues Labour's lost, iv. 3. feeling that my praise of Harvey has been all too feeble.-George Rolleston, The Harveian Oration, 1873, p. 90. Yond, yon, yonder. 492. Pro. The fringed Curtaines of thine eye aduance, W. Shakspeare, The Tempest, i. 2. 408. Adam. Yonder comes my Master, your brother. As You Like It, i. 1. 28. 501. Up. This is clearly a presentive word so long as the original idea of elevation is preserved. But it passes off into a more refined use, a more purely mental service, and then we call it no longer a noun but a pronoun. The instance of breaking-up is an interesting one. It is one of those in which the flat adverb has attached itself very closely to the verb, and has with the verb attained a peculiar appropriation of meaning. This expression now is apt to suggest the holidays of a school-boy, but in the sixteenth century it was the proper expression for burglary:If a thiefe bee found breaking vp.-Exodus xxii. 2. Suffered his house to be broken vp.-Matthew xxiv. 43. If he beget a sonne that is a breaker vp of a house.-Ezekiel xviii. 10 (margin). Mr. Froude quotes a letter of the reign of Queen Elizabeth in which a burglary is confessed in these terms :— With other companions who were in straits as well as myself, I was forced to give the onset and break up a house in Warwickshire, not far from Wakefield.-History, vol. xi. p. 28. An old ship is sold 'to be broken up,' and akin to this we find the substantive a break-up :— The death of a king in those days came near to a break-up of all civil society.-E. A. Freeman, Norman Conquest, ch. xxi. There is a rich variety of expressions in which up figures in the character which belongs here; e. g. to be 'knocked up,'' done up,' 'patched up,' to be 'up to a thing,' 'up with a person,' 'keeping it up late,' 'open up ' 503. The verb to come up is equivalent to coming into notice, or even into being; and in the following quotation it translates ἐγένετο : As for wisedome what she is, and how she came vp, I will tell you.Wisedome of Solomon, vi. 22. At length it becomes a mere symbol of emphasis. In Rom. vi. 13, yield yourselves unto God,' it is proposed by Bishop Ellicott to restore a certain lost emphasis by the correction, yield yourselves up to God.' Still. In the next examples the reader may notice that 'still run' and 'still to move' would be pure stultifications if the word still were taken in its original and presentive signification of motionless stillness. This affords a sort of measure of the symbolic change that has passed over the word. Having past from my hand under a broken and imperfect copy, by frequent transcription it still run (sic) forward into corruption.-Thomas Browne, Religio Medici, Preface. They are left enough to live on, but not enough to enable them still to move in the society in which they have been brought up.-John BoydKinnear, Woman's Work, p. 353. 502. Rather. This word may serve as an illustration of the grounds on which we assign these words to the pro |