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this feature, and also of the metre of this Chronicle, which is not very equable or regular, but of which the ideal seems to be the fourteen-syllable ballad-metre :—

Hou longe ssolle hor luper heued above hor ssoldren be?

How long-a shall their hated heads
Above their shoulders be?

Perhaps this ss may have been a difference of orthography rather than of pronunciation: which is made probable by the substitution of the ss for ch where we must suppose a French pronunciation of the ch, which is about the same as our sh sound. Thus, in the long piece presently to be quoted, we have Michaelmas written Misselmasse.

The Commencement of Robert of Gloucester's Chronicle, as printed by Hearne. Date about 1300.

Engelond ys a wel god lond, ich wene of eche lond best,
Yset in the ende of the world, as al in the West.
The see goth hym al a boute, he stont as an yle.
Here fon heo durre the lasse doute, but hit be thorw gyle
Of folc of the selue lond, as me hath yseye wyle.
From South to North he is long eighte hondred myle;
And foure hondred myle brod from Est to West to wende,
Amydde tho lond as yt be, and noght as by the on ende.
Plente me may in Engelond of all gods yse,
Bute folc yt forgulte other yeres the worse be.
For Engelond ys ful ynow of fruyt and of tren,
Of wodes and of parkes, that joye yt ys to sen;
Of foules and of bestes, of wylde and tame al so;
Of salt fysch and eche fresch, and fayre ryueres ther to;
Of welles swete and colde ynow, of lesen and of mede;
Of seluer or and of gold, of tyn and of lede;

Of stel, of yrn, and of bras; of god corn gret won;
Of whyte and of wolle god, betere ne may be non.

England is a very good land, I ween of every land (the) best; set in the end of the world, as in the utter west. The sea goeth it all about; it standeth as an isle. Their foes they need the less fear, except it be through guile of folk of the same land, as has been seen sometime. From south to north it is eight hundred mile long; and four hundred mile broad to go from east to west, that is, through the middle of the country and not as by the one end. Plenty of all goods men may in England see, unless the people are

in fault or the years are bad. For England is full enough of fruit and of trees; of woods and of parks, that joy it is to see; of fowls and of beasts, wild and tame alike; of salt fish and eke fresh, and fair rivers thereto; of wells sweet and cold enow, of pastures and of meads; of silver ore and of gold, of tin and of lead; of steel, of iron, and of brass; of good corn great store; of wheat and of good wool, better may be none.

63. The most famous and oftest quoted piece of Robert of Gloucester is that wherein he sums up the consequences of the Battle of Hastings. It contains the clearest and best statement of the bilingual state of the population in his own time, that is, before A.D. 1300.

Bituene Misselmasse and Sein Luc, a Sein Calixtes day,
As vel in pulke 3ere in a Saterday,

In be 3er of grace, as it vel also,

A pousend and sixe 7 sixti, þis bataile was ido.
Duc Willam was po old nyne pritti 3er,

7 on pritti 3er he was of Normandie duc er.

po pis bataile was ydo, duc Willam let bringe

Vaire his folc, that was aslawe, an erpe poru alle pinge,
Alle þat wolde leue he 3ef, þat is fon anerpe brozte.
Haraldes moder uor hire sone wel gerne him bisozte
Bi messagers, largeliche him bed of ire pinge,
To granti hire hire sones bodi anerpe vor to bringe.

Willam hit sende hire vaire inou, wipoute eny þing þare uore:
So pat it was poru hire wip gret honour ybore

To be hous of Waltham, 7 ibrozt anerbe pere,
In be holi rode chirche, þat he let himsulf rere,
An hous of religion, of canons ywis.
Hit was per vaire an erpe ibro3t, as it 3ut is.
Willam pis noble duc, po he adde ido al pis,
pen wey he nom to Londone, he

alle his,

As king and prince of londe, wip nobleye ynou.
Azen him wip uair procession pat folc of toune drou,
vnderueng him vaire inou, as king of þis lond.

pus com lo Engelond, in to Normandies hond.

þe Normans ne coupe speke po, bote hor owe speche,

7 speke French as hii dude at om hor children dude also teche. So þat heiemen of þis lond, þat of hor blod come,

Holdeb alle pulke speche that hii of hom nome.

Vor bote a man conne Frenss, me telp of him lute,

Ac lowe men holdep to Engliss to hor owe speche zute.
Ich wene per ne bep in al þe world contreyes none,
pat ne holdep to hor owe speche bote Englond one.
Ac wel me wot uor to conne bope well it is,
Vor be more þat a man can, the more wurpe he is.

F

It will hardly be necessary to translate the whole of this passage for the reader. We will modernise a specimen to serve as a guide to the rest. The last ten lines shall be selected as recording the linguistic condition of the country.

And the Normans could not then speak any speech but their own; and they spoke French as they did at home, and had their children taught the same. So that the high men of this land, that came of their blood, all retain the same speech which they brought from their home. For unless a man know French, people regard him little but the low men hold to English, and to their own speech still. I ween there be no countries in all the world that do not hold to their own speech, except England only. But undoubtedly it is well to know both; for the more a man knows, the more worth he is.

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64. These examples will perhaps suffice to give an idea of the dissevered and dialectic condition of the native language from the twelfth to the fourteenth century. During this long interval the reigning language was French, and this fashion, like all fashions, went on spreading and embracing a wider area, and ever growing thinner as it spread, till in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries it was become an acknowledged subject of derision. Already, before 1200, the famous Abbot Sampson, of Bury St. Edmunds, was thought to have said a good and memorable thing when he gave as his reason for preferring one man to a farm rather than another, that his man could not speak French. The French which was spoken in this country had acquired an insular character; it was full of Anglicisms and English words, and in fact must often have been little more than deformed English. Even well-educated persons, such as Chaucer's gentle and ladylike Prioress, spoke a French which, as the poet informs us, was utterly unlike 'French of Paris.' What then must have been the French of the homely upland fellows Trevisa tells of and oplondysch men wol lykne hamsylf to gentil men, and fondep with great by synes for to speke Freynsch, for to be more ytold of'?

65. In Piers Plowman we have the dykers and delvers doing a bad day's work, and singing scraps of French songs for pastime :

Dykers and Delvers that don here werk ille,

And driveth forth the longe day, with 'Deu vous saue, dam Emme.' Prologue, 103.

We might almost imagine, that now for the second time in history it was on a turn of the balance whether. Britain should bear a nation of the Romanesque or of the Gothic type. But all the while the native tongue was growing more and more in use; and at length, in the middle of the fourteenth century, we reach the end of its suppression and obscurity. Trevisa fixes on the great plague of 1349 as an epoch after which a change was observable in regard to the popular rage for speaking French. He says: "This was moche used tofore the grete deth, but sith it is somdele chaunged.' But the most important date is 1362, when the English language was re-installed in its natural rights, and became again the language of the Courts of Law.

66. In the specimens of English which have now passed before us, we are struck with their diversity and the absence of any signs of convergency to a common type. The only feature which they agree in with a sort of growing consent, is in the dropping of the old inflections and the severance connection with the Anglo-Saxon accidence. Among the most tenacious of these inflections was the genitive plural of substantives in -ENA and of adjectives in -RA. This -ENA drooped into the more languid ene; and the -RA appeared as -er or -r, as in their, aller, alderliefest.

Throughout the whole of this period there is such a tendency to variety and dialectic subdivision, that it has been found hard to say how many dialects there were in the country. Higden, writing in the fourteenth century, said

there were three, the Northern, the Southern, and the Midland. This division is substantial and useful, and it is conveniently represented by three well-marked forms of the present tense indicative, viz. -eth, -en, and -es. The -n of the Midland dialect may be seen at 57. This form is restricted and comparatively obscure. The -eth is Southern, the es Northern (86). The -eth was universal in Saxon literature, the -es is universal now. The turning-point is seen in Shakspeare, who uses them both according to convenience, though the -es is usual with him, except in the case of hath and doth. The triumph of the Northern dialect in this particular has contributed much to English sibilation.

Much of the peculiar English quoted in this section survives now only in the provincial dialects. And here we take occasion to remark, that the dialects offer peculiar advantages for philological discipline. In the first place, they are an entertaining study. There is a charm about them which makes itself generally felt, and which often turns even the indifferent into an observer ;—besides the additional recommendation, that they are to be sought chiefly in the pleasantest places of the land. And secondly, their fragmentary condition, which to the grammatical view discredits them, is so far from being a drawback, that it is a circumstance highly favourable to the formation of a philological habit of mind. It is the organic completeness of a language that recommends it for grammatical study, but the philological interest is totally different. In every language, however perfect, philology sees a mass of relics, which can be mentally completed and satisfactorily understood only by reference to other languages. It is not easy at first to see the most perfect languages in this light; nor is it by any means desirable that the student should do so, until after the time that by grammatical study he has comprehended some

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