mini dedit. Agrippa inde Tiberini filius; post Agrippam Romulus Silvius, a patre accepto imperio, regnat. Aventino, fulmine ipse ictus, regnum per manus tradidit. Is, sepultus in eo coile, qui nunc est pars Romanae urbis, cognomen colli1 fecit. Proca 2 deinde regnat; is Numitorem atque Amulium procreat. Numitori, qui stirpis maximus erat, regnum vetustum Silviae gentis legat. Plus tamen vis potuit, quàm voluntas patris aut verecundia aetatis. Pulso fratre, Amulius regnat. Addit sceleri scelus. Stirpem fratris virilem 3 interimit; fratris filiae Rheae Silviae, per speciem honoris, quum Vestalem eam legisset, perpetuâ virginitate spem partûs adimit.

IV. Sed debebatur, ut opinor, fatis tantae origo urbis, maximique secundum Deorum opes imperii principium. Vi compressa Vestalis quum geminum partum edidisset, seu ita rata, seu quia Deus auctor culpae honestior erat, Martem incertae stirpis patrem nuncupat. Sed nec Dii, nec homines, aut ipsam, aut stirpem a crudelitate regiâ vindicant. Sacerdos vincta in custodiam datur; pueros in profluentem aquam mitti jubet 4. Forte quadâm divinitùs 5 super ripas Tiberis

1 Colle, colli. This repetition, which many critics condemn as inelegant, is common in Livy and Cæsar, especially with a relative; Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus. Cæsar de Bel. Gal. i. 6. 'There is a slight difference between this list and that given by Dionysius;

This agreement is strange in a matter so remote, and where kings have been in all probability invented, as in early Scottish history. Dionysius, with greater boldness than Livy, actually details the years of each reign! According to his computation, including forty-four years of the usurpation of Numitor, they reigned 400 years in Alba Longa, in periods varying from eight to fifty-one years. To shew the real uncertainty which rests upon this necessarily obscure period, it may be sufficient to mention, that some of the ancient annalists make Romulus and Remus sons of Aeneas, and brothers of Ascanius, shewing a difference of upwards of 400 years. 3 Aegestus, according to Dionysius, was the son's name. 4 Sacerdos datur, (rex) jubet, a change of subject not uncommon in Livy, but not to be imitated. 5 On the ground that Fors, chance' is opposed to divinitus, 'by divine interposition, Gruterus first suggested, contrary to all the MSS., Forte quadam an divinitus. It has been properly

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effusus lenibus stagnis, nec adiri usquam ad justi cursum poterat amnis; et posse quamvis languidâ mergi aquâ infantes, spem ferentibus dabat. Ita velut defuncti regis imperio, in proximâ alluvie, ubi nunc ficus Ruminalis est, (Romularem vocatam ferunt,) pueros exponunt. Vastae tum in iis locis solitudines erant. Tenet fama, 'quum fluitantem alveum 1,' quo expositi erant pueri, tenuis in sicco aqua destituisset, lupam sitientem ex montibus,' qui circà sunt, ad puerilem 3 vagitum cursum flexisse; eam summissas infantibus adeò • mitem praebuisse mammas 2, ut linguâ lambentem pueros magister regii pecoris invenerit.'Faustulo fuisse nomen' ferunt. Ab eo ad stabula Larentiae uxori educandos latos,' Sunt, qui Larentiam, vulgato corpore, lupam inter pastores ' vocatam' putent; inde locum fabulae ac miraculo datum.' Ita geniti, itàque educati, quum primùm adolevit aetas, nec in stabulis, nec ad pecora segnes, venando peragrare circà saltus. Hinc, robore corporibus animisque sumpto, jam non feras tantùm subsistere 3, sed in latrones, praedâ onustos, impetus facere, pastoribusque rapta dividere; et cum his, crescente in dies grege juvenum, seria ac jocos celebrare 4. remarked on this, that, although the distinction was sometimes made, as with us, between chance and divine arrangement, (sive casu, sive 'consilio Deorum immortalium,' Cæsar, i. 12,) the ancients held that events, seemingly fortuitous, were in reality ordained by Heaven. Here Livy's meaning is obvious, looking to debebatur fatis tantae origo urbis. The general practice seems to be, that when two events occur, the one influencing the other without any design on the part of a human agent, the Latins uniformly use forte, not as applied to each event, but to their conjunction, which it would be most incorrect to translate by chance. One instance may suffice. In a panic occasioned by an unexpected inroad of the Aequi, we are told, iii. 3, Forte ab Algido Quinctius consul redierat Romam. This, evidently, does not mean that he had returned by chance; but that it chanced or happened that during the panic he had returned. So forte quadam, referring to the conjunction of the overflow of the river with the exposure of the infants, a thing not chosen by the tyrant, but fortuitous as far as regarded him, may perfectly well be qualified by divinitus,— ' it so happened, by divine arrangement.' The critics quote a similar expression from Plutarch, Θείᾳ τινὶ τύχῃ. Alveum. Why not have thrown them in naked? Dionysius is still more minute, and states that Faustulus brought the trough under his skirt to show Numitor, as a proof of his having saved his grandchildren. ? See Virgil's picture of this incident, Aen. viii. 630-5. 3 Subsistere, with the accusative,' to cause to stand, to seize,' with the dative, to with'stand.' + Many of the MSS. have ferias ac jocos, which

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V. Jam tum in Palatino monte Lupercal hoc fuisse ' ludicrum' ferunt, et a Pallanteo, urbe Arcadicâ, Pallan• tium deinde Palatium, montem appellatum. Ibi Evandrum, (qui ex eo genere 2 Arcadum multis antè tempestatibus ea ' tenuerit 3 loca,) solenne allatum ex Arcadiâ instituisse, ut nudi juvenes, Lyceum Pana venerantes, per lusum atque lasciviam currerent;' quem Romani deinde vocârunt Inuum. 'Huic deditis ludicro, quum solenne notum esset, insidiatos 'ob iram praedae amissae latrones, quum Romulus vi se de'fendisset, Remum cepisse; captum Regi Amulio tradidisse, 'ultrò accusantes.' Crimini maximè dabant ; in Nu'mitoris agros ab his impetum fieri; inde eos, collectâ juve'num manu, hostilem in modum praedas agere.' Sic Numitori ad supplicium Remus deditur. Jam inde 5 ab initio Faustulo spes fuerat, regiam stirpem apud se educari; nam et expositos jussu regis infantes' sciebat, et tempus, quo ' ipse eos sustulisset, ad id ipsum congruere ;' sed rem immaturam, nisi aut per occasionem, aut per necessitatem aperiri noluerat. Necessitas prior venit. Ita metu subactus, Romulo rem aperit. Forte et Numitori, quum in custodia Remum haberet, audissetque geminos esse fratres, comparando et aetatem eorum, et ipsam minimè servilem indolem, tetigerat animum memoria nepotum 6; sciscitandoque eò demum 7 pervenit, ut haud procul esset, quin Remum agnos

some prefer on the ground that we cannot say seria celebrare; if we could not, still by the figure called Zeugma, one verb is often used with two nouns, to the nearer of which alone it is strictly applicable. But in truth we can say celebrare seria; one common meaning of celebrare being, as is well expressed by Ruperti, saepe et cum multis peragere. ' Jam tum. Even at that early period. Lupercal hoc. The festival called Lupercal of the present times;' DR HUNTER. Ruperti points out several similar passages, as i. 42, hunc ordinem, the arrangement of the state existing in the present day.' 2 Eo genere. The Pallantean tribe. 3 I have with Ruperti and Crevier, following the best MSS., given tenuerit for tenuerat as part of the tradition, not an explanation furnished by Livy, as he does in the subsequent quem Romani, &c. ♦ Note this idiom. • Numitori tetigerat animum memoria, See p. 7. note 2. Tetigerat animum, representing the amount of the action done to Numitor, the object subjoined in the dative. "Some of the best editors read eodem; both

5 See p. 9. note 1.

are found inthe MSS.

ceret. Ita undique regi dolus nectitur. Romulus, non cum globo juvenum, (nec enim erat ad vim apertam par,) sed aliis alio itinere jussis certo tempore ad regiam venire pastoribus, ad regem impetum facit; et a domo Numitoris aliâ comparatâ manu adjuvat Remus. Ita regem obtruncant.

VI. Numitor inter primum tumultum hostes invasisse ' urbem atque adortos regiam' dictitans, quum pubem Albanam in arcem praesidio armisque obtinendam avocâsset 2, posteaquam juvenes, perpetratâ caede, pergere ad se gratulantes vidit, extemplò advocato concilio, scelera in se fratris, originem nepotum, ut geniti, ut educati, ut cogniti essent, caedem deinceps tyranni, seque ejus auctorem' ostendit. Juvenes, per mediam concionem agmine 3 ingressi, quum avum regem salutâssent, secuta ex omni multitudine consentiens vox ratum nomen imperiumque regi effecit. Ita Numitori Albanâ permissâ re, Romulum Remumque cupido cepit, in iis locis, ubi expositi ubique educati erant, urbis condendae. Et supererat multitudo Albanorum Latinorumque. Ad id pastores quòque accesserant; qui omnes facilè spem facerent, parvam Albam, parvum Lavinium, prae eâ urbe quae conderetur, fore. Intervenit deinde his cogitationibus avitum malum, regni cupido atque inde foedum certamen coortum a satis miti principio; quoniam 'gemini essent, nec aetatis verecundia discrimen facere pos'set, ut Dii, quorum tutelae ea loca essent, auguriis legerent, qui nomen novae urbi daret, qui conditam imperio regeret 5. Palatium Romulus, Remus Aventinum ad inaugurandum templa capiunt.

1 Agnosceret, meaning a public acknowledgment.

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2 Quum pubem, &c. Having withdrawn from assisting the usurper,' (avocasset,) the Alban youth, under pretence of defending the citadel by armed troops.' $ Agmine, together. So illi agmine certo Laocoonta petunt. 'The serpents with a steady and united movement.' Virg. Aen. ii. 212. Avitum malum, the evil which had characterised the conduct of their granduncle to their grandfather—ambition. 'Not adverting to the force of the subjunctives, quoniam gemini essentposset, Bauer supplies nam convenerant before quoniam, and others put a full stop after principio, and a comma or semicolon after regeret. The use of the subjunctive in indirect sentences gave Latin writers this advantage, that the change of mood rendered unnecessary the introduction of the persons who spoke or thought. This is made clear by the inverted commas; the satis mite principium is the arrange

VII. Priori Remo augurium venisse fertur, sex vultures; jamque, nunciato augurio, quum duplex numerus Romulo se ostendisset, utrumque regem sua multitudo consalutaverat. Tempore illi praecepto, at hi numero avium, regnum trahebant1. Inde, cum altercatione congressi, certamine irarum ad caedem vertuntur. Ibi in turbâ ictus Remus cecidit. Vulgatior fama est, ludibrio fratris Remum no'vos transiluisse muros; inde ab irato Romulo (quum ' verbis quoque increpitans adjecisset, "Sic deinde, quicun66 que alius transiliet moenia mea") interfectum.' Ita solus potitus imperio Romulus. Condita urbs conditoris nomine appellata. Palatium primum, in quo ipse erat educatus, muniit. Sacra Diis aliis Albano ritu, Graeco 2, Herculi, ut ab Evandro instituta erant, facit. • Herculem in ea loca, Geryone interempto, boves mirâ specie abegisse' memorant ; ac prope Tiberim fluvium,' (quâ, prae se armentum agens, nando trajecerat,) loco herbido, ut quiete 'et pabulo laeto reficeret boves, et ipsum fessum viâ pro'cubuisse 3.' Ibi quum eum cibo vinoque gravatum sopor oppressisset, pastor accola ejus loci, nomine Cacus, ferox viribus, captus pulchritudine boum, quum avertere eam praedam vellet, quia, si agendo armentum in speluncam compulisset, ipsa vestigia quaerentem dominum eò deductura erant, aversos boves, eximium quemque pulchritudine, caudis in speluncam traxit. Hercules, ad primam auroram somno excitus, quum gregem perlustrâsset oculis, et partem abesse numero sensisset, pergit ad proximam speluncam, si fortè eò vestigia ferrent. Quae ubi omnia foras versa vidit, nec in partem aliam ferre, confusus atque incertus animi, ex loco infesto agere porrò armentum occepit. Inde quum

ment that follows; and that it was an arrangement is indicated by the subjunctive, without any need of nam convenerant. 1 Tempore,

&c.

The followers of Remus claimed the sovereignty on the ground of the priority of time, those of Romulus on that of the number of 'birds seen by him.' 2 With their heads uncovered, according

to Varro, as reported by Macrobius, Saturnal, iii. 6. 9 Livy here varies his style, passing from report to assertion, as he does in the 1st chapter. He seems to have held that his cautious introductory words fama est, memorant, &c. equivalent to the és azńxoa, bura λyour of Herodotus, absolve him from all suspicion of implicit belief, even when he uses the direct form. 4 The force of in