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quum ad quercum pastoribus sacram deposuisset, simul cum dono designavit templo Jovis fines, cognomenque addidit Deo. 6 Jupiter Feretri ',' inquit, haec tibi victor Romulus rex regia arma fero, templumque iis regionibus quas • modò animo metatus sum dedico, sedem opimis spoliis 2, quae, regibus ducibusque hostium caesis, me auctorem se'quentes posteri ferent.' Haec templi est origo, quod primum omnium Romae sacratum est. Ita deinde Diis visum, nec irritam conditoris templi vocem esse, quâ laturos eò spolia posteros nuncupavit; nec multitudine compotum ejus doni vulgari laudem. Bina postea, inter tot annos, tot bella, opima parta sunt spolia. Adeò rara ejus fortuna decoris fuit.

XI. Dum ea ibi Romani gerunt, Antemnatium exercitus, per occasionem ac solitudinem, hostiliter in fines Romanos incursionem facit. Raptim et ad hos Romana legio ducta palatos in agris oppressit. Fusi igitur primo impetu et clamore hostes; oppidum captum. Duplicique victoriâ ovantem 5 Romulum Hersilia conjunx, precibus raptarum fatigata, orat, ut parentibus earum det veniam, et in civi'tatem accipiat; ita rem coalescere concordiâ posse.' Facilè impetratum. Inde contra Crustuminos profectus bel

1 Feretri.

wards known. Such an anticipation is called prolepsis. Livy evidently wishes us to understand that this cognomen is derived from fero, because the consecrated spoils were carried ferculo. Others derive it from fero pacem, as bringing peace, and others a feriendo. So Propertius, iv. 10, 44. 'Omine quod certo dux ferit ense ducem; 'Seu quia victa suis humeris huc arma ferebant, Hinc Feretri dicta est ara superba Jovis.' 2. When the general of the Romans,' (this is doubtful, see iv. 20, and note,) slew the general of the enemy in single combat, the spoils which he took from him were 'called spolia opima, (ab ope vel opibus, Festus,) and hung up in 'the temple of Jupiter Feretrius, built by Romulus, and repaired 'by Augustus, by the advice of Atticus.' DR ADAM. 3 The

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two warriors, who obtained the spolia opima after Romulus, were A. Cornelius Cossus, who slew Lar Tolumnius, King of the Veientes, (as detailed in the 19th chap. of the 4th book,) a. u. c. 318, and Marcellus, who slew Viridomarus, king of the Gauls, A. U. c. 532. 4 Per occasionem ac solitudinem. · By the opportunity and the deserted

state of the Roman territory. Taking advantage of the opportunity afforded by the deserted state,' &c. 5 Ovuntem. It is

doubtful whether this word and legio a little above have the technical meaning afterwards expressed by them.

lum inferentes. Ibi minus etiam, quòd alienis cladibus ceciderant animi, certaminis fuit. Utròque coloniae missae. Plures inventi, qui propter ubertatem terrae in Crustuminum nomina darent. Et Romam inde frequenter migratum est, a parentibus maximè ac propinquis raptarum. Novissimum ab Sabinis bellum ortum, multoque id maximum fuit. Nihil enim per iram aut cupiditatem actum est; nec ostenderunt bellum priùs, quàm intulerunt. Consilio etiam additus dolus. Sp. Tarpejus Romanae praeerat arci. Hujus filiam virginem auro corrumpit Tatius, ut armatos in arcem accipiat. Aquam fortè ea tum sacris extra moenia petitum ierat. Accepti obrutam armis necavere; seu ut vi capta potiùs arx videretur, seu prodendi exempli causâ, ne quid usquam fidum proditori esset. Additur fabulae 2, quòd

vulgò Sabini aureas armillas magni ponderis brachio laevo, gemmatosque magnâ specie annulos habuerint, pepigisse 3 Seam, quod in sinistris manibus haberent; eò 3 scuta illi pro aureis donis congesta.' Sunt, qui eam, ex pacto tra⚫ dendi * quod in sinistris manibus esset, directò arma petisse' dicant; et fraude visam agere, suâ ipsam peremptam mer'cede 5.'

XII. Tenuere tamen arcem Sabini; atque inde postero die, quum Romanus exercitus instructus, quod inter Palatinum Capitolinumque collem campi est, complêsset, non priùs descenderunt in aequum, quàm, irâ et cupiditate recuperandae arcis stimulante animos, in adversum Romani subiêre 6.

Nomina darent. A common phrase relating to those joining in any public service, as consenting by giving in their names to proceed as settlers of a colony, or serve as soldiers in the army, in militiam. Edere, profiteri nomina are similarly used. So also ad nomina respondere, or simply respondere,' to answer to their names,—to agree to 'serve.' This is the first notice of the admirable policy of the Roman state, whereby their own population was increased, and each fresh conquest was a fresh colony. * Additur fabulae. Some needlessly conjecture, and actually read fabula, forgetting that fubula means a traditionary tale, whether true or false, generally a mixture of both, ornamented-as the Greek μdos. Ed, therefore.' • Ex pacto tradendi. In pursuance of their agreement to deliver up.' 5 This tradition is variously given by various writers; most of them, however, adopting the version favourable to Tarpeia, that she wished to disarm the enemy, and fell not as a traitress, but a heroine, and hence that, in her honour, the name of the hill was changed. • Postero.

Grammarians make a distinction between dies, masc. as indi

6

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Principes utrinque pugnam ciebant, ab Sabinis Mettus Curtius, ab Romanis Hostus Hostilius. Hic rem Romanam iniquo loco ad prima signa animo atque audaciâ sustinebat. Ut Hostus cecidit, confestim Romana inclinatur acies; fusaque est ad veterem portam Palatii. Romulus et ipse turbâ fugientium actus, arma ad coelum tollens, Jupiter, tuis,' inquit, jussus avibus hic in Palatio prima urbi fundamenta 'jeci. Arcem jam, scelere emptam, Sabini habent. Inde 'huc armati, superatâ mediâ valle, tendunt. At tu, pater • Deûm hominumque, hinc saltem arce hostes; deme terrorem Romanis, fugamque foedam siste. Hic ego tibi templum Statori1 Jovi, quod monumentum sit posteris 'tuâ praesenti 2 ope servatam urbem esse, voveo.' Haec precatus, veluti si sensisset auditas preces, • Hinc,' inquit, Romani, Jupiter optimus maximus resistere atque iterare pugnam jubet.' Restitere Romani, tanquam coelesti voce jussi. Ipse ad primores Romulus provolat. Mettus Curtius ab Sabinis princeps ab arce decucurrerat, et effusos egerat Romanos, toto quantum foro spatium est 3. Nec procul jam a portâ Palatii erat, clamitans, Vicimus perfidos hospites, imbelles hostes. Jam sciunt longè aliud esse 'virgines rapere, aliud pugnare cum viris.' In eum haec gloriantem, cum globo ferocissimorum juvenum Romulus impetum facit. Ex equo tum fortè Mettus pugnabat; eò pelli facilius fuit; pulsum Romani persequuntur. Et alia Romana acies, audaciâ regis accensa, fundit Sabinos. Met

1

cating a definite day, and dies, feminine, as used in the sense of time generally. This is doubtful, but Livy generally follows the usage referred to. Quod inter, &c. The Palatine was the hill then occupied by the buildings of Rome, the Capitoline again named per prolepsin was the seat of the citadel, at the time in possession of the Sabines, and in the space between, afterwards stood the Forum. In adversum Romani subiere. 'The Romans advanced from below, right up the hill against them.’ Livy thus derives Stator from sisto. Cicero derives it from statuo. Seneca from sto, but the reference in all is to the same idea, Preserver in danger. 2 Praesenti. Our own language furnishes us with this word, how much better applied! God is a very present 'help in time of trouble,' Psalms xlvi, 1. Help immediate and efficacious seems to be the principal idea conveyed, though there is, doubtless, an allusion to the actual presence of the Deity, which was always believed to be a protection and blessing; hence such invocations as Adsis, o Tegeaee, favens. Virg. Georg. i. 18. 3 See above, No. 6.

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tus in paludem sese, strepitu sequentium trepidante equo, conjecit; averteratque 1 ea res etiam Sabinos tanti periculo viri. Et ille quidem, annuentibus ac vocantibus suis, favore multorum addito animo, evadit. Romani Sabinique in mediâ convalle duorum montium redintegrant proelium; sed res Romana erat superior.

XIII. Tum Sabinae mulieres, quarum ex injuriâ 2 bellum ortum erat, crinibus passis, scissâque veste, victo malis muliebri pavore, ausae se inter tela volantia inferre, ex transverso impetu facto, dirimere infestas acies, dirimere iras; hinc patres, hinc viros orantes, ne se sanguine ne⚫fando soceri generique respergerent; ne parricidio macu'larent partus suos, nepotum illi, liberûm hi progeniem • Si affinitatis inter vos, si connubii piget, in nos vertite 'iras. Nos causa belli, nos vulnerum ac caedium viris ac ' parentibus sumus. Melius peribimus, quàm sine alteris ' vestrûm viduae aut orbae vivemus.' Movet res tum mul

4

'I have taken the liberty of restoring averterat, because there seems to be here no necessary reason for an alteration opposed to all manuscript authority. Whatever is turned to any object is necessarily turned away from another. If the danger of Mettus had directed the attention of the Sabines to him, (adverterat,) it must have turned it away from the engagement (averterat.) Either word, then, conveys the same idea, with this difference, that adverterat brings the position of the Sabines, with reference to Mettus, more before the mind; and averterat, their position as to the Romans,— which latter, indeed, seems here more appropriate. 2 Quarum

ex injuriâ. 'From whose wrong, from the wrong suffered by whom.' Injuria here is passive, as in Virgil, Aen. i. Spretoeque injuria formæ. There are numerous similar nouns, as to which we can only judge from the context, whether they are to be understood actively or passively. The following is an instance of injuria used actively. Id accidit praetoris iniquitate et injuriâ. Cic. pro Quinct. So in Eutropius, i. 2, when on this very subject, propter raptarum injuriam, passive, is generally read; raptorum, active, has been proposed.

Ne parricidio. Parricidium, properly the murder of a parent, but often of any near relation. Parens is sometimes though rarely used in the general sense of relation, as the French, parent. Illi, referring to soceri, hi to generi. Observe the vivid effect of the change, from the indirect mode of reporting to the direct, an effect which Xenophon is especially inclined to produce, and which is not unknown to other writers. See Acts of the Apostles, i. 4.

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titudinem, tum duces. Silentium et repentina fit quies. Inde ad foedus faciendum duces prodeunt; U. C. nec pacem modò, sed et civitatem unam ex duabus faciunt; regnum consociant; imperium omne conferunt Romam. Ita geminatâ urbe 1, ut Sabinis tamen 2 aliquid daretur, Quirites a Curibus appellati. Monumentum ejus pugnae, ubi primùm ex profundâ emersus palude equus Curtium in vado statuit, Curtium lacum appellârunt 3. Ex bello tam tristi laeta repentè pax cariores Sabinas viris ac parentibus, et ante omnes Romulo ipsi, fecit. Itaque, quum populum in curias 4 triginta divideret, nomina earum curiis imposuit. Id non traditur, quum haud dubiè aliquanto numerus major hôc mulierum fuerit 5, aetate, an dignitatibus suis virorumve, an sorte lectae sint, quae nomina curiis darent. Eodem tempore et centuriae tres equitum conscriptae sunt; Ramnenses ab Romulo, ab Tito Tatio Titienses appellati; Lucerum nominis et originis causa incerta est. Inde non modò commune, sed concors etiam, regnum duobus regibus fuit.

XIV. Post aliquot annos, propinqui regis Tatii legatos. Laurentium pulsant. Quumque Laurentes jure gentium

'Two hills, the Coelian and Quirinal, are stated by Dionysius to have been added to the city on this occasion, Romulus possessing the Coelian and Palatine, Tatius the Capitoline and Quirinal. * Tamen, an elliptical introduction, depending on ideas not expressed, although the smaller share of concession, still somewhat.' This is not uncommon, and the context must supply the unexpressed idea. In the 7th book, ch. 6. Livy seems to prefer the account which ascribes the origin of this name to the well-known action of that Curtius, who leaped into the gulf in the Forum; and others derive the name from the Consul who first walled in the morass, C. Curtius, u. c. 310. This sentence is one which has given much trouble to critics, one of whom says, Tragoedia hic 'Criticis acta est.' Should it be as in the text, or equum Curtius statuit, or equos, &c. or equus Curtius statuit, (where Curtius must be an adjective, and statuit an intransitive or middle verb,) or, (as Sigonius suggests,) equum Curtius in vado destituit, or eques Curtius statuit, where statuit must have the same intransitive or middle meaning? One manuscript, referred to by Drakenborch, has the reading as here given, and, in the absence of any general agreement, it seems the best. Vado opposed to profunda, 'where 'the water became shallow, the edge of the morass.' • For curiae, centuriae, equites, see Index. 5 See p. 19, note 4.

B