simul venientibus haud sane intrabile esset, in litus. passim naves egerunt, atque alii vadis alii sicco litore excepti partim armati partim inermes ad instructam per litus aciem suorum perfugere; duae tamen primo concursu captae erant Punicae naves, quattuor suppressae.

Romani, quamquam terra hostium erat armatamque 20 aciem toto praetentam litore cernebant, haud cunctanter insecuti trepidam hostium classem navis omnis, quae 2 non aut perfregerant proras litori inlisas aut carinas fixerant vadis, religatas puppibus in altum extraxere, ad quinque et viginti naves e quadraginta cepere. Neque 3 id pulcherrimum eius victoriae fuit, sed quod una levi pugna toto eius orae mari potiti erant.

Itaque ad Onusam classe provecti; escensio ab navi- 4 bus in terram facta. Cum urbem vi cepissent captamque diripuissent, Carthaginem inde petunt, atque omnem 5 agrum circa depopulati postremo tecta quoque iniuncta muro portisque incenderunt. Inde iam praeda gravis ad 6 Longunticam pervenit classis, ubi vis magna sparti erat ad rem nauticam congesta ab Hasdrubale. Quod satis in usum fuit sublato ceterum omne incensum est. Nec 7 continentis modo praelecta est ora, sed in Ebusum insulam transmissum. Ibi urbe, quae caput insulae est, 8

biduum nequiquam summo labore oppugnata ubi in spem 9 inritam frustra teri tempus animadversum est, ad populationem agri versi direptis aliquot incensisque vicis maiore quam ex continenti praeda parta cum in naves se recepissent, ex Baliaribus insulis legati pacem petentes 10 ad Scipionem venerunt. Inde flexa retro classis reditumque in citeriora provinciae, quo omnium populorum, qui Hiberum accolunt, multorum et ultimae Hispaniae legati II concurrerunt. Sed qui vere dicionis imperiique Romani facti sint obsidibus datis populi, amplius fuere centum 12 viginti. Igitur terrestribus quoque copiis satis fidens Romanus usque ad saltum Castulonensem est progressus. Hasdrubal in Lusitaniam ac propius Oceanum concessit.

21

Quietum inde fore videbatur reliquum aestatis tempus, 2 fuissetque per Poenum hostem; sed praeterquam quod ipsorum Hispanorum inquieta avidaque in novas res sunt 3 ingenia, Mandonius Indebilisque, qui antea Ilergetum regulus fuerat, postquam Romani ab saltu recessere ad

the gender of the predicate instead of that of the antecedent; see Gr. 199. in spem: see note on in maius, XXI. 32. 7.

9. petentes: cf. orantes, XXI. 6. 2 n.

10. et: i.e. as well as those near by. II. sed contrasting the communities that actually (vere) submitted with those that merely sent envoys. - facti sint: the subjunctive characterizes the indefinite antecedent of qui; see Gr. 320. a.

12. Castulonensem : in the Sierra Morena, at the head of the Guadalquiver.-concessit, retired, before the Roman advance.

FIGHTS WITH NATIVE TRIBES.

21. fuisset: its protasis is implied in per, etc.—per, for all; i.e.

for anything that was done by them.

3. Mandonius Indebilisque : these Spanish chiefs were brothers of great influence (haud dubie omnis Hispaniae principes, XXVII. 17) and aided the Carthaginians during most of the war. In 209 B.C., because of the suspicion and arrogance of Hasdrubal, son of Gisco, and the respectful treatment of their women as hostages by P. Scipio, they formed an alliance with the Romans, but in three years they transferred their allegiance back to Carthage. In 205 B.C. Indebilis fell on the field while fighting with great heroism, and Mandonius was surrendered by his followers to the Romans, and by them at once put to death. saltu: sc. Castulonensi; cf. 20. 12.

maritimam oram, concitis popularibus in agrum pacatum sociorum Romanorum ad populandum venerunt. Ad- 4 versus eos tribunus militum cum expeditis auxiliis a Scipione missi levi certamine, ut tumultuariam manum, fudere, mille hominibus occisis, quibusdam captis magnaque parte armis exuta. Hic tamen tumultus cedentem 5 ad Oceanum Hasdrubalem cis Hiberum ad socios tutandos retraxit. Castra Punica in agro Ilergavonensium, 6 castra Romana ad Novam Classem erant, cum fama repens alio avertit bellum. Celtiberi, qui principes 7 regionis suae legatos miserant obsidesque dederant Romanis, nuntio misso a Scipione exciti arma capiunt, provinciamque Carthaginiensium valido exercitu invadunt. Tria oppida vi expugnant; inde cum ipso Hasdru- 8 bałe duobus proeliis egregie pugnant; ad quindecim milia hostium occiderunt, quattuor milia cum multis militaribus signis capiunt.

Hoc statu rerum in Hispania P. Scipio in provinciam 22 venit, prorogato post consulatum imperio ab senatu missus cum triginta longis navibus et octo milibus mili

4. tribunus, etc.: indicating the slight effort by which they were quelled, as the tribune was a subordinate officer whose duties were mostly routine, though he could sometimes be placed in command. -missi: for the number see XXI. 60. 7 n. tumultuariam, irregular; i.e. not a regular organized army, but only a suddenly gathered throng; cf. tumultuatum, XXI. 16. 4 n. exuta: i.e. in their flight; cf. XXI. 61. 9.

5. tamen i.e. though it was easily quelled.―cis: not east of the Ebro, as the Ilergavonenses lived on the coast beyond the Ebro. It must mean 'back to the Ebro on that side.'

6. Novam Classem: apparently

east of the Ebro, perhaps among the Ilergetes.

7. Celtiberi: the powerful nation west of the Idubeda Mountains, holding many strong places like Numantia, and occupying the region of Castile. They were dangerous enemies of the Romans for many years after this. miserant: inserted by Gronov to prevent a harsh zeugma.

ARRIVAL OF P. SCIPIO. CUNNING
OF ABELUX.

22. 1. Scipio: he was consul in 218 B.C., wounded at the Ticinus, and had wintered at Cremona (XXI. 46. 7; 56. 9).

2 tum magnoque commeatu advecto. Ea classis ingens agmine onerariarum procul visa cum magna laetitia civium sociorumque portum Tarraconis ex alto tenuit. 3 Ibi milite exposito profectus Scipio fratri se coniungit, ac deinde communi animo consilioque gerebant bellum. 4 Occupatis igitur Carthaginiensibus Celtiberico bello haud cunctanter Hiberum transgrediuntur nec ullo viso hoste Saguntum pergunt ire, quod ibi obsides totius Hispaniae traditos ab Hannibale fama erat modico in 5 arce custodiri praesidio. Id unum pignus inclinatos ad Romanam societatem omnium Hispaniae populorum animos morabatur, ne sanguine liberum suorum culpa defectionis lueretur.

6 Eo vinculo Hispaniam vir unus sollerti magis quam fideli consilio exsolvit. Abelux erat Sagunti nobilis Hispanus, fidus ante Poenis, tum, qualia plerumque sunt barbarorum ingenia, cum fortuna mutaverat fidem. 7 Ceterum transfugam sine magnae rei proditione venientem ad hostis nihil aliud quam unum vile atque infame corpus esse ratus, id agebat ut quam maximum emolu8 mentum novis sociis esset. Circumspectis igitur omnibus quae fortuna potestatis eius poterat facere, obsidibus potissimum tradendis animum adiecit, eam unam rem maxime ratus conciliaturam Romanis principum Hi

2. agmine, etc.: the reason why the fleet was so large.

3. communi, etc.: emphasizing their harmony and their uniting in council and acting in concert, so different from the discord of the consuls.

6. sollerti, etc., more clever than honest; a euphemistic expression, such as one naturally uses for rascalities that benefit his own side. -qualia: i.e. tali ingenio, qualia.

fortuna: i.e. the fortunes of the Carthaginians.

7. ceterum: opposed to the idea implied in the preceding that Abelux wanted to desert to the Romans. corpus, person, as opposed to material advantage or gain of some kind.

8. eius poterat: we should expect suae and the subjunctive, but Livy adds the clause as a kind of definition, from his own point of view, without referring it to Abelux's mind; and this as usual affects alike the pronoun and the mood of the verb.

spaniae amicitiam. Sed cum iniussu Bostaris praefecti 9 satis sciret nihil obsidum custodes facturos esse, Bostarem ipsum arte adgreditur. Castra extra urbem in ipso 10 litore habebat Bostar, ut aditum ea parte intercluderet Romanis. Ibi eum in secretum abductum velut ignorantem monet, quo statu sit res: metum continuisse 11 ad eam diem Hispanorum animos, quia procul Romani abessent; nunc cis Hiberum castra Romana esse, arcem tutam perfugiumque novas volentibus res; itaque quos metus non teneat, beneficio et gratia devinciendos esse. Miranti Bostari percunctantique, quodnam id subitum 12 tantae rei donum posset esse, 'Obsides' inquit ‘in civi- 13 tates remitte. Id et privatim parentibus, quorum maximum nomen in civitatibus est suis, et publice populis gratum erit. Volt sibi quisque credi, et habita fides 14 ipsam plerumque obligat fidem. Ministerium restituendorum domos obsidum mihimet deposco ipse, ut opera quoque impensa consilium adiuvem meum et rei suapte natura gratae quantam insuper gratiam possim adiciam.' Homini non ad cetera Punica ingenia callido ut persuasit, 15

etc. such hostages were the children of the most prominent men.

14. volt sibi, etc. : a general truth, a well-known principle of human nature. 'Every man likes to be trusted, and confidence wins (confidence or) good faith.' Fides is used in a somewhat different sense (as we should think) in the two parts, but to the Romans it expressed a wider range of ideas than with us, so that the expression is not unnatural. - domos: accusative, on account of the idea of motion implied in restituendorum. opera, etc. i.e. make a special effort to win over the Spaniards in addition to the effect of the act itself.

15. ad (cetera), in accordance