5 vicos passim suos diffugiunt. Hannibal ceteris copiis per otium traiectis spernens iam Gallicos tumultus castra locat. Elephantorum traiciendorum varia consilia fuisse credo, certe variata memoria actae rei. Quidam congregatis ad ripam elephantis tradunt ferocissimum ex iis inritatum ab rectore suo, cum refugientem in aquam nantem sequeretur, traxisse gregem, ut quemque timentem altitudinem destitueret vadum, impetu ipso fluminis 6 in alteram ripam rapiente. Ceterum magis constat ratibus traiectos; id ut tutius consilium ante rem foret, ita 7 acta re ad fidem pronius est. Ratem unam ducentos longam pedes quinquaginta latam a terra in amnem porrexerunt, quam, ne secunda aqua deferretur, pluribus validis retinaculis parte superiore ripae religatam pontis in modum humo iniecta constraverunt, ut beluae audac8 ter velut per solum ingrederentur; altera ratis aeque lata, longa pedes centum, ad traiciendum flumen apta, THE ELEPHANTS CROSS THE RHONE. 5. variata memoria, the account has been variously given.—ferocissimum, etc.: cf. Frontinus, I. 7. 2 Hannibal iussit ferocissimum elephantum sub aure vulnerari et eum qui vulnerasset transnato statim flumine procurrere. Elephantus exasperatus ad persequendum doloris sui auctorem transnavit amnem, et reliquis idem audendi fecit exemplum. the omission of a connective is somewhat harsh, and the passage has been variously tinkered (inde nantem, nando, sequeretur nantem, etc.), with the usual result of trying to rewrite an author like Livy. traxisse: in a kind of stampede.· ut quemque, etc.: i.e. they blindly went beyond their depth, and as fast nantem: huic copulata est; tum elephanti per stabilem ratem tamquam viam praegredientibus feminis acti ubi in minorem applicatam transgressi sunt, extemplo resolutis 9 quibus leviter adnexa erat vinculis, ab actuariis aliquot navibus ad alteram ripam pertrahitur. Ita primis expositis alii deinde repetiti ac traiecti sunt. Nihil sane 10 trepidabant donec continenti velut ponte agerentur; primus erat pavor cum soluta ab ceteris rate in altum raperentur; ibi urgentes inter se cedentibus extremis ab II aqua trepidationis aliquantum edebant donec quietem. ipse timor circumspectantibus aquam fecisset. dere etiam saevientes quidam in flumen; sed pondere ipso stabiles deiectis rectoribus quaerendis pedetemptim vadis in terram evasere. Exci- 12 Dum elephanti traiciuntur, interim Hannibal Numi- 29 das equites quingentos ad castra Romana miserat speculatum ubi et quantae copiae essent et quid pararent. Huic alae equitum missi, ut ante dictum est, ab ostio 2 Rhodani trecenti Romanorum equites occurrunt. Proelium atrocius quam pro numero pugnantium editur; nam praeter multa vulnera caedes etiam prope par 3 utrimque fuit, fugaque et pavor Numidarum Romanis 8. stabilem: i.e. the one made fast to the shore. 9. ab... navibus: the preposition suggests the agency of the rowers. pertrahitur: of course the smaller raft, supplied from minorem, above. 10. nihil sane, not a bit. The phrase has a light, colloquial tone. - ceteris: neuter, everything else, the other raft and the shore. II. urgentes, crowding.- quietem, etc. i.e. they were so afraid of the water that they kept still. 12. pedetemptim: in its literal meaning. THE FIRST SKIRMISH WITH THE 29. 2. ante: see 26. 5.- quam pro: this expression after a comparative is not found before Livy, and was probably suggested by the Greek, ή κατά or ἢ πρό; cf. 32. 12; 59. 9. pugnantium: Livy is exceptionally fond of using the present participle like a substantive or clause; cf. ridentis, 2.6; migrantium, 30. 8; inferentis, 44. 3. 3. vulnera, wounded, as we should say. caedes, the killed, or the loss. --fugaque, and it was iam admodum fessis victoriam dedit. Victores ad cen tum quadraginta, nec omnes Romani, sed pars Gallo4 rum, victi amplius ducenti ceciderunt. Hoc principium simul omenque belli ut summae rerum prosperum eventum ita haud sane incruentam ancipitisque certaminis victoriam Romanis portendit. 5 Vt re ita gesta ad utrumque ducem sui redierunt, nec Scipioni stare sententia poterat nisi ut ex consiliis coep6 tisque hostis et ipse conatus caperet, et Hannibalem incertum, utrum coeptum in Italiam intenderet iter an cum eo, qui primus se obtulisset Romanus exercitus, manus consereret, avertit a praesenti certamine Boiorum legatorum regulique Magali adventus, qui se duces ... only, etc. an effect produced by the emphasis and the connection. — ad, only, about. — nec, and not. either, continuing the unexpressed thought that the Roman loss was a little less. - Gallorum: the loss of whom was not so important; the genitive is not partitive, but defines pars. victi... ducenti: notice that the Latin often puts the numeral in agreement where we should expect a partitive construction. Here the identical form of the genitives of victores and victi would be confusing. amplius ducenti: amplius, plus, minus, and longius are often thus used parenthetically without affecting the construction. 4. hoc: i.e. the skirmish of the cavalry. principium simul omenque: we should conceive this as in apposition with hoc (as independent neuter), but the Romans probably felt the two substantives as denoting the same thing in two aspects and as in agreement with hoc, thought of as an adjective pronoun.ut. ita: in the usual meaning of although .. yet. summae rerum, the main issue, the war as a whole.-haud: only with incruentam.-ancipitisque : we should say, but dubious; the Latin contents itself with putting the two together, and leaving the reader to set the ideas in opposition, as in ut . . . ita, above. 5. sui: this use of the reflexive is not unusual where mutual relationship is emphasized, and especially if the reflexive refers to the proper logical subject of discourse; cf. 43. 17; 44. 8; see Gr. 196. c. nec: correlative with et (Hannibalem), below.stare, become fixed; i.e. Scipio could come to no fixed conclusion.-ex, in accordance with, as eg. in ex senatus consulto. — ęt ipse, he too. 6. intenderet: indirect form for the dubitative intendam.-avertit: translate, is diverted, thus keeping the emphasis. It often becomes necessary to change the voice to give the thought in its proper perspective. - legatorum, etc.: Livy has said nothing about arrangements with the Gallic leaders, which had undoubtedly been made beforehand.-integro bello, in full force; itinerum, socios periculi fore adfirmantes integro bello nusquam ante libatis viribus Italiam adgrediendam censent. Multitudo timebat quidem hostem nondum oblit- 7 terata memoria superioris belli, sed magis iter immensum Alpesque, rem fama utique inexpertis horrendam, metuebat. Itaque Hannibal, postquam ipsi sententia stetit per- 30 gere ire atque Italiam petere, advocata contione varie militum versat animos castigando adhortandoque mi- 2 rari se quinam pectora semper impavida repens terror invaserit. Per tot annos vincentes eos stipendia facere neque ante Hispania excessisse quam omnes gentesque et terrae, quas duo diversa maria amplectantur, Carthaginiensium essent. Indignatos deinde quod, quicum- 3 the phrase is explained by nusquam ... viribus. - libatis viribus: as they must necessarily be by conflict with a determined enemy. 7. multitudo: opposed to Hannibal before spoken of.-timebat ... metuebat: the slight difference between these words is here brought out better than usual; timeo ordinarily puts the emphasis upon the subject, and is a reproach, while metuo marks the object as something that may well be viewed or apprehended with anxiety. superioris: alluding to the defeats of the First Punic War. — iter . . . Alpesque: this usage, usually called 'hendiadys,' can hardly be called a figure. The main idea is merely presented in two aspects, the latter being here further accented by the phrase rem, etc. —utique, at any rate, with inexpertis. 2. mirari: the order representing a beginning, miror, etc., gives a force like, 'I can't help wondering,' or 'I should like to know,' etc. This emphasis is still further marked by nam in quinam. — pectora: with a force like, 'what is the matter with your courage, that has always been so undaunted?'- eos: representing vos, which would, however, be omitted in the direct. facere: the present as with iamdudum and the like.-duo, etc.: i.e. the Atlantic and the MediterCarthaginiensium essent: this is very different from the tone of the address to the Spaniards in 21. ranean. que Saguntum obsedissent, velut ob noxam sibi dedi postularet populus Romanus, Hiberum traiecisse ad delendum nomen Romanorum liberandumque orbem 4 terrarum. Tum nemini visum id longum, cum ab oc5 casu solis ad exortus intenderent iter; nunc, postquam multo maiorem partem itineris emensam cernant, Pyrenaeum saltum inter ferocissimas gentes superatum, Rhodanum, tantum amnem, tot milibus Gallorum prohibentibus, domita etiam ipsius fluminis vi traiectum, in conspectu Alpis habeant, quarum alterum latus Italiae 6 sit, in ipsis portis hostium fatigatos subsistere - quid Alpis aliud esse credentes quam montium altitudines? 7 Fingerent altiores Pyrenaei iugis: nullas profecto terras caelum contingere nec inexsuperabiles humano generi esse. Alpis quidem habitari, coli, gignere atque alere 8 animantes: pervias faucis esse exercitibus. Eos ipsos, quos cernant, legatos non pinnis sublime elatos Alpis transgressos. Ne maiores quidem eorum indigenas, sed advenas Italiae cultores has ipsas Alpis ingentibus saepe 3. ob noxam, as culprits. - -orbem as yet a rhetorical exaggeration, but used with reference to later times. 4. tum: when they started from Spain. 5. prohibentibus: concessive. - Italiae sit, belongs to Italy, i.e. is a part of Italy. 6. montium altitudines, high mountains; by this form of expression the important quality is brought out by being made abstract, and this abstract is made partially concrete by the use of the plural. 7. fingerent representing an imperative, or a subjunctive of concession. nullas, etc.: the rhetorical tone allows the omission of the adversative which we should naturally supply. - -nec: a following nec does not contradict a preceding negative. Alpis: i.e. no mountains were so high as that, and as for these particular ones, the Alps, they were quite accessible.' — pervias: the preceding refers to permanent inhabitants, these words refer to passing troops. faucis: instead of the Mss. paucis. 8. non pinnis, etc.: i.e. they must have come on foot, and where they had come other individuals at least could go, and not only that, but whole peoples, for,' etc.—ne quidem, not . . . either, emphasizing these as great bodies of men opposed to legatos. — eorum: i.e. the Gauls whose ambassadors had |