erat flumen, nondum resolutis sine tumultu atque insectatione hostis copias traiceret. Prius Placentiam 3 pervenere quam satis sciret Hannibal ab Ticino profectos; tamen ad sescentos moratorum in citeriore ripa Padi segniter ratem solventes cepit. Transire pontem non potuit, ut extrema resoluta erant, tota rate in secundam aquam labente. Coelius auctor est Magonem cum 4 equitatu et Hispanis peditibus flumen extemplo tranasse, ipsum Hannibalem per superiora Padi vada exercitum. traduxisse elephantis in ordinem ad sustinendum impetum fluminis oppositis. Ea peritis amnis eius vix fidem 5 fecerint; nam neque equites armis equisque salvis tantam vim fluminis superasse veri simile est, ut iam Hispanos omnis inflati travexerint utres, et multorum dierum circuitu Padi vada petenda fuerint, qua exercitus gravis impedimentis traduci posset. Potiores apud me auc- 6 tores sunt qui biduo vix locum rate iungendo flumini

pation) to resolutis. tumultu atque insectatione: a single complex idea, as the tumultus would result from the insectatio, hence atque.

3. Placentiam: Scipio's new position of defense on the other side of the Po, so that the northern side was now abandoned.- -moratorum: for qui morati erant. citeriore: from Hannibal's point of view. - solventes: evidently the rear guard, whose duty it was to cross last and then set the bridge adrift; but apparently they were too late, and the bridge was cut on the southern bank by the others, who had crossed.

4. auctor est, records. Magonem: Hannibal's brother; see 54. 1.- in ordinem, so as to form a line across the river; see 32. 7 n.

5. ea, this story. - fidem fece

rint, can gain belief, properly 'cre-
ate belief.' The perfect is practi-
cally equivalent to the present, from
a fondness in Latin for marking the
completion rather than the progress
of an action; cf. XXII. 59. 10.
neque
et: correlatives. ut
iam: i.e. even if we go so far as to
admit, etc., yet, with that already
allowed, the rest would be impos-
sible. utres: cf. 27. 5 n. — - pe-
tenda fuerint: a coniunctivus mo-
destiae, and the past tense of the
periphrastic conjugation is used for
a contrary-to-fact apodosis. The
change in construction from supe-
rasse veri simile est is awkward,
but may be caused by the greater
certainty of this part of the state-
ment (certainly the baggage, etc.,
could not have crossed there).

6. potiores, of greater weight.— iungendo flumini: dative after

inventum tradunt; ea cum Magone equites et Hispano7 rum expeditos praemissos. Dum Hannibal, circa flumen legationibus Gallorum audiendis moratus, traicit gravius peditum agmen, interim Mago equitesque ab transitu fluminis diei unius itinere Placentiam ad hostes conten8 dunt. Hannibal paucis post diebus sex milia a Placentia castra communivit et postero die in conspectu hostium acie derecta potestatem pugnae fecit.

48

Insequenti nocte caedes in castris Romanis, tumultu tamen quam re maior, ab auxiliaribus Gallis facta est. 2 Ad duo milia peditum et ducenti equites vigilibus ad portas trucidatis ad Hannibalem transfugiunt; quos Poenus benigne adlocutus et spe ingentium donorum accensos in civitates quemque suas ad sollicitandos popularium animos dimisit. Scipio, caedem eam signum defectionis omnium Gallorum esse ratus contactosque eo 4 scelere velut iniecta rabie ad arma ituros, quamquam gravis adhuc vulnere erat, tamen quarta vigilia noctis insequentis tacito agmine profectus ad Trebiam fluvium iam in loca altiora collisque impeditiores equiti castra 5 movet. Minus quam ad Ticinum fefellit; missisque Hannibal primum Numidis, deinde omni equitatu, turbasset utique novissimum agmen ni aviditate praedae in 6 vacua Romana castra Numidae devertissent. Ibi dum

locum, as in official titles and the like. cum Magone: i.e. qui cum Magone erant.

SCIPIO ON THE TREBIA. CLASTI-
DIUM BETRAYED TO HANNIBAL.

48. 2. adlocutus et . . . accensos: connected as if they were grammatically as well as logically parallel.

4. Trebiam: this river flows

north into the Po, near Placentia. Scipio must have gone up the river on the western bank, somewhat out of the plain.iam: on account of the comparative,' places that began to be,' etc.

5. minus... fefellit: i.e. he was less successful in getting off unobserved. - missis: emphatic as continuing the idea of minus fefellit; 'he was discovered and pursued? · utique: i.e. the rear if not more.

perscrutantes loca omnia castrorum nullo satis digno morae pretio tempus terunt, emissus hostis est de manibus; et cum iam transgressos Trebiam Romanos metantisque castra conspexissent, paucos moratorum occiderunt citra flumen interceptos. Scipio, nec vexationem vulne- 7 ris in via iactati ultra patiens et collegam-iam enim et revocatum ex Sicilia audierat-ratus exspectandum, locum, qui prope flumen tutissimus stativis est visus, delectum communiit. Nec procul inde Hannibal cum 8 consedisset, quantum victoria equestri elatus, tantum anxius inopia quae per hostium agros euntem nusquam praeparatis commeatibus maior in dies excipiebat, ad 9 Clastidium vicum, quo magnum frumenti numerum congesserant Romani, mittit. Ibi cum vim pararent, spes facta proditionis; nec sane magno pretio, nummis aureis quadringentis, Dasio Brundisino praefecto praesidii corrupto traditur Hannibali Clastidium. Id horreum fuit Poenis sedentibus ad Trebiam. In captivos ex tradito 10 praesidio, ut fama clementiae in principio rerum colligeretur, nihil saevitum est.

Cum ad Trebiam terrestre constitisset bellum, interim 49

6. cum iam, etc.: the construction is a compressed one; 'when the Carthaginians came in sight of the Romans, the latter were already across and making their camp, and so they killed only a few,' etc. moratorum: probably, as in 47. 3, the perfect participle, though Livy uses nouns in -tor with unusual freedom; see hortator, 11. 7; insidiator, XXII. 28. 5. - citra: from the point of view of the pursuers.

7. collegam: Sempronius; see 44. 7 and 51. 5.

9. Clastidium: a small place a little south of the Po and some distance west of the Trebia, now Casteg

circa Siciliam insulasque Italiae imminentes et a Sempronio consule et ante adventum eius terra marique 2 res gestae. Viginti quinqueremes cum mille armatis ad depopulandam oram Italiae a Carthaginiensibus missae; novem Liparas, octo ad insulam Vulcani tenu3 erunt, tres in fretum avertit aestus. Ad eas conspectas a Messana duodecim naves ab Hierone rege Syracusanorum missae, qui tum forte Messanae erat consulem Romanum opperiens, nullo repugnante captas naves 4 Messanam in portum deduxerunt. Cognitum ex captivis praeter viginti naves, cuius ipsi classis essent, in Italiam missas, quinque et triginta alias quinqueremes Siciliam petere ad sollicitandos veteres socios; Lily5 baei occupandi praecipuam curam esse; credere eadem tempestate, qua ipsi disiecti forent, eam quoque classem 6 ad Aegatis insulas deiectam. Haec, sicut audita erant, rex M. Aemilio praetori, cuius Sicilia provincia erat, perscribit monetque ut Lilybaeum firmo teneret praesidio. 7 Extemplo et circa civitates a praetore missi legati tribu

et a Sempronio . . . et ante adventum: the order of narrative is chiastic. Sempronio: see 17. I,

-

6. terra marique: here a mere phrase, as only naval operations are mentioned.

2. novem, octo, tres: partitive apposition to viginti. — tenuerunt, held their course, succeeded in reaching the islands; see movit, 32. I n., and cf. cursum tenuit, XXII. 31. 5.

3. ad eas conspectas, etc., these were seen from Messina and, etc.; the regular Latin compressed construction. Hierone: Hiero II. abandoned the Carthaginians early in the First Punic War, and was the steadfast friend and ally of Rome till his death in 216 B.C.; see Intr. 4.

nullo repugnante, without

nique suos ad curam custodiae intendere, et ante omnia Lilybaeum teneri apparatu belli, edicto proposito ut socii navales decem dierum cocta cibaria ad naves deferrent ut, ubi signum datum esset, ne quid moram conscen- 8 dendi faceret; perque omnem oram qui ex speculis prospicerent adventantem hostium classem missi. Itaque, 9 quamquam de industria ita moderati cursum navium erant Carthaginienses ut ante lucem accederent Lilybaeum, praesensum tamen est quia et luna pernox erat et sublatis armamentis veniebant: extemplo datum sig- 10 num ex speculis et in oppido ad arma conclamatum est et in naves conscensum; pars militum in muris portarumque stationibus, pars in navibus erant.

Et Cartha- II ginienses, quia rem fore haud cum imparatis cernebant, usque ad lucem portu se abstinuerunt, demendis armamentis eo tempore aptandaque ad pugnam classe absumpto. Vbi inluxit, recepere classem in altum ut 12 spatium pugnae esset exitumque liberum e portu naves hostium haberent. Nec Romani detrectavere pugnam 13

around among; a new use of circa after verbs of motion, frequent in Livy. suos: i.e. Roman garrisons. intendere, teneri: historical infinitives, as the action is a continued one, while by missi (sunt), in 8, a single act is stated.

-edicto: the substance of the order is given in ut . . . deferrent, and the intended effect in ut ne . . . faceret. - socii navales: the service of crews on ships was less honorable than that of the legions on land, and hence originally the marines were allies and not Roman citizens.

9. itaque: connecting the discovery with the means by which it was accomplished.- ante lucem, just before daybreak (and not earlier).

- sublatis: i.e. set, instead of being taken down and stored away. · armamentis: i.e. sails, masts, and yards which could be shipped or unshipped at pleasure, according to the weather; cf. demendis, II.

10. ad arma: the slogan itself; cf. III. 15.6 alternae voces AD ARMA audiebantur; Hor. C. I. 35. 15 neu populus frequens AD ARMA cessantes, AD ARMA concitet; see triumphum, 62. 2 n. in naves conscensum, the ships were manned, naturally by the sailors.

erant:

the use of this word takes a new point of view, the time of the arrival.

II. et i.e. they too were affected by the fact of the discovery and changed their tactics.