19 Dicit literas scriptis fuisse, He says that letters have been written. 20 Dixit literas scriptas fuisse, He said that letters had been written 21 Dicet literas scriptas fuisse, He will say that letters have been written. 22 Dicit literas scriptum iri, He says that letters will be written. 23 Dixit literas scriptum iri, He said that letters would be written. 24 Dicet literas scriptum iri, He will say that letters would be written.

Note 3.-When the preceding verb is of the imperfect, or pluperfect tense, the English of the infinitive is the same as when it is of the perfect indefinite, i. e. is the same as the infinitive after dixit, in the preceding table.

Note 4.-As the perfect definite (162) connects the action completed with the present time, the infinitive after it, in this sense, will generally be translated as it is after the present; as, DIXIT me scribere, scripsisse,-scriptū rum esse, "he has said that I am writing, was writing, will write," i. e. as it is in Examples Nos. 1, 4, and 7. With dixit used indefinitely, the infinitive would be rendered as in Examples Nos. 2, 5, and 8.

Note 5.-Because memory always refers to something past, the infinitive present after memini, "I remember," is translated by the past tense; as, memini me dicere, "I remember that I said," (not "that I say "). Memini me dixisse is also a proper formula to express the same thing.

Exc. 1. When the present infinitive expresses that which is always true, it must be translated in the present, after any tense (157-1); as, doctus erat Deum gubernare mundum, "he had been taught that God governs the world."

Exc. 2. When the present infinitive expresses an act subsequent to the time of the governing verb, it is translated, after any tense, by the potential, with should, would; as, necesse est (fuit, fuerat) te īre, “it is (was, had been) necessary that you should go."

181. § 48. NUMBER AND PERSON.

1. Every tense of the verb has two NUMBERS, the singular, and the plural, corresponding to the singular, and the plural of nouns and pronouns.

2. In each number, the verb has three PERSONS, called first, second, and third. The first asserts of the person speaking; the second, of the person spoken to; and the third, of the person or thing spoken of. In the Imperative, there are only two persons, the second, and the third.

TABLE OF PERSONAL ENDINGS.

The following table shows the personal endings, both singular and plural, of all regular verbs, in all coniugations in

all the tenses of the indicative and subjunctive moods, except the perfect indicative active, and the compound tenses in the passive voice:

3. The subject or nominative of the verb in the first person singular, is always ego; in the plural, nos;-in the second person singular, tu; in the plural, vos. These are seldom expressed, being sufficiently indicated by the termination of the verb; as, scribo, "I write;" scribimus, "we write;" scribis, "thou writest;" scribitis, "you write."

Obs. Verbs in the first person plural, or in the second person singular, are sometimes used instead of the third person with an indefinite subject; as, quam multa facimus causâ amicōrum, "how many things we do (i. e. men do) for the sake of friends!"—cerneres, "you would see," i. e. "one, a person, or any person, would see." SALL.

The subject of the verb in the third person, is any person or thing spoken of, whether it be expressed by a noun, pro noun, infinitive, gerund, or clause of a sentence; as, vir scribit, "the man writes;" illi legunt," they read;" ludere jucundum est, "to play is pleasant;" incertum est quam longa vīta futūra sit, "how long our life will be, is uncertain."

4. Two or more nouns or pronouns together may be the subject of one verb. If these happen to be of different per sons, the verb takes the first person, rather than the second or third, and the second rather than the third; as, ĕgo, et tu, et ille scribimus, “I, and thou, and he write."

5. Pronouns, participles, or adjectives used substantively, or having nouns understood to them, are of the third person. Qui takes the person of the antecedent. Ipse may be joined to any person, according to the sense.

6. To verbs also belong Participles, Gerunds, and Supines.

182. § 49. PARTICIPLES.

1. PARTICIPLES are parts of the verb which contain no affirmation, but express the meaning of the verb considered as a general quality or condition of an object; as, ămans, “loving;" doctus, "learned."

2. Participles belong partly to the verb, and partly to the adjective. From the former, they have signification, voice, and tense; from the latter, declension; those in ns are of the third declension, and declined like prūdens (99–2): all others are of the first and second, and declined like bonus (98-1). In construction, they have the government of the verb, and the concord, or agreement of the adjective (§ 98).

3. When the idea of time is separated from the participle, it becomes a participial or verbal adjective, and is capable of comparison; as, doctus, doctior, doctissimus, "learned, more learned, most learned.'

4. To the same class, also, belong participles whose meaning is reversed or modified by composition with words, or participles never combined with other parts of the same verb; as, innocens, indoctus, impransus, nefandus, &c. The perfect participle with the negative prefix in, frequently denotes a passive impossibility, usually expressed in Latin by adjectives in ilis or bilis; as, invictus miles, an invincible soldier;" incorruptus civis, "an incorruptible citizen."

66

5. The time of the participle, like that of the infinitive, is estimated from the time of the leading verb; i. e. the accompanying action or state expressed by the participle is present, past, or future, at the time indicated by the leading verb, with which it is connected; thus, vīdi eum venientem, “ I him coming;" Nūma, Curībus nātus, rex creātus est, “Numa, born at Cures, was made king;" elephantes amnem transitūri minimos præmittunt, "elephants, about to cross a river, send the smallest first."

saw

Note 1.-The perfect participle, both of deponent and common verbs, often expresses an action nearly, or entirely, contemporaneous with that of the leading verb. In such cases, it is better rendered, into English, by the present participle in ing, than by its ordinary rendering; as, Hoc facinus rex miratus juvenem dimisit, "The king, admiring this act, dismissed the youth." Liv.--Arbitratus id bellum celeriter confici posse, eô exercitum adduxit. CES.-Hac arte Pollux-enisus, arces attigit igneas. HOR:-Columba fixamque refert dela psa sagittam. VIRG.-Pueri bis seni quemque secuti, agmine partita, fuigent. So also the perfect participle of the active verb, see No. 8, Note 8.

6. The future passive participle in dus, sometimes expresses bare futurity; as, his (scil. ventis) quoque habendum aëra permisit, "to these also, he gave the region of the air to be possessed." But, in conjunction with the verb sum, and frequently also in other constructions, it denotes necessity, propriety, or obligation, and hence, by inference, futurity; as, Delenda est Carthago, "Carthage must be destroyed." Facta narrābas dissimulanda tibi, "you were relating facts which you should have concealed."

7. The participle in dus, of transitive verbs, is often used in the oblique cases, in the sense of the gerund. Thus used, it is called a Gerundive participle, and agrees with its substantive in gender and number, and both take the case which the gerund would have in the same place; thus, tempus petenda pacis, by the gerund, is petendi pacem, "time of seeking peace;" rerum repetundarum causâ," for the sake of demand. ing redress;" by the gerund, repetundi res.

Note 2.-Gerunds and gerundives of the third and fourth conjugations, often have undus, &c., instead of endus, as in the preceding examples.

8. The Latin language has no perfect participle in the ac tive voice, nor present participle in the passive. The want of the former is made up in two ways: First, by the perfect participle passive, in the case absolute; as, Casar, his dictis, profectus est, "Cæsar (these things being said, i. e.), having said these things, departed;" and Secondly, by quum, with the pluperfect subjunctive; as, Caesar, quum hæc dixisset, profectus est," Cæsar (when he had said, i. e.), having said these things, departed.'

Note 8.-The want of the present participle passive, is made up either by the perfect participle, or by the future participle in dus, both of which appear to be sometimes used in a present sense; as, Notus evolut piced tectus caligine, "Notus flies forth (being) covered with pitchy darkness." Ovin.-Volvenda dies en attulit ultro, "Lo! revolving time (lit. time being rolled on) hath of tsel brought about." VIRG.-Or by the gerundive form of expression, as in No. 7; see also No. 5, Note 1.

9 Transitive verbs have four participles, of which the present in ns, and the future in rus, belong to the active voice; the perfect in tus, sus, or xus, and the future in dus, to the passive.

10. Intransitive verbs have two participles, namely, the present in ns, and the future in rus; frequently also the future passive in dus, and also the perfect passive.

11. Neuter passive verbs have commonly three participles; namely, the present, perfect, and future in rus. 213.

12. Deponent verbs of a transitive signification, have generally four participles; those of an intransitive signification commonly want the future in dus, except that the neuter in dum is sometimes used impersonally.

13. Common verbs have generally four participles, of which the perfect only is used both in an active and passive sense; as, adeptus victoriam, "having obtained the victory;" victoriá adeptâ, "the victory being obtained." The rest are active. 207, Obs. 2.

14. Some intransitive verbs, though they have no passive, yet have participles of the perfect passive form, but still with an intransitive signification; such are, cœnātus, "having sup ped;" pransus, "having dined;" juratus, "having sworn.'

183.-§ 50. GERUNDS AND SUPINES.

1. The GERUND is a kind of verbal noun, used only in the singular number. It represents the action or state expressed by the verb as a thing now going on, and at the same time, if in the nominative, or in the accusative before the infinitive, as the subject of discourse; and if in the oblique cases, as the object of some action or relation. They are construed in all respects as nouns, and also govern the case of their verbs. § 147.

In meaning and use, the gerund resembles the English present participle, used as a noun (see Eng. Gr., 195; An. and Pr. Eng. Gr., 462), and the Greek infinitive with the article prefixed. See Gr. Gr., § 173.

2. SUPINES are defective verbal nouns of the fourth declen sion, having only the accusative and the ablative singular.

The supine in um has an active signification, and governs he case of the verb. 682.

The supine in u has usually a passive signification, and governs no case.