Licet, licuit or licitum est, &c., It is lawful, it was lawful, &c. Miseret, misĕruit or miseritum est, &c., It pities, it pitied, &c. Oportet, oportuit, &c., Piget, piguit or pigitum est, &c., Pudet, puduit or puditum est, &c., It behooves, it was incumbent on, &c It grieves, it grieved, &c. It appears. (This verb has no perf.) But many other verbs are used impersonally in all the conjugations. 5. Under impersonal verbs, may be comprehended those which express the operations or appearances of nature; as, fulgurat, "it lightens;" fulminat, tonat, "it thunders;" grandinat, "it hails;" so, gelat, pluit, ningit, lucescit, advesperas cit, &c. 6. Impersonal verbs are applied to any person or number, by putting that which stands before personal verbs, as their nominative, after the impersonals, in the case which they govern; as, Plăcet mihi, It pleases me, or I please. Plăcet tibi, It pleases thee, or thou pleasest. So, pugnātur a me, —a te,—ab illo, &c., "it is fought by me," -"by thee,"—" by him;" that is, I fight, thou fightest, he fights, &c. Hence, as the meaning of a transitive verb may be expressed by either the active or the passive voice, so, when an intransitive verb is translated by a verb considered transitive in English (132, Obs. 4), the English passive form of that verb is expressed, in Latin, by the passive used impersonally thus, actively, faveo tibi, "I favor you;" passively, favētur tibi a me, "you are favored by me," and so of others. "" In 7. Impersonal verbs, not being used in the imperative, take the subjunctive in its stead; as, delectet, "let it delight.' the passive voice, their participles are used only in the neuter gender. The gerunds and supines are but seldom used. 224. § 86. EXERCISES ON IMPERSONALS. (For the meaning of the impersonals used in the following exercises, see 223, Nos. 2, 3, 4.) 1. Give the designation, the place found, the translation; thus, delectat, a verb impersonal, first conjugation, found in the present indicative, active; it delights." Delectabit, decebat, decebit, deceret, contingit, continget, contigit, contigerit, evěnit, evěnit, eveniet, eveniat, pugnabatur, pugnatum est, pugnétur, pugnarétur, favētur, fautum sit, fautum fuerit, ventum est, ventum ĕrit;-libet, libuit, licitum est, misěret, miseritum est, piget, pudet, fulgurat, tonat, grandinabat, grandinābit ninxit, &c. 2. Give the designation, &c., as in No. 1, and translate as the word following the impersonal requires, according to 223-6; thus, delectat me, delectat, a verb impersonal, first conjugation, present indicative, active; "it delights me," or "I delight." Delectabit me, te, illum, nos, vos, illos; decet vos, decĕret vos; plăcet tibi; favētur vōbis, favebitur nōbis (a te, by you); pugnabitur ab illis; venitur a te, ventum est ab illis,-a vobis, -a nobis,-ab illo,-a te,-a me; piget me; licet mihi, licebit vobis, licitum est illis; miseret me, miseruit te; placuit võbis,-nobis,-illis; miseret nos, &c. 3. Render the following English into Latin, by the impersonals; thus, "I delight," delectat me, literally, "it delights me.”—N. B. The noun or pronoun, after misèret, pœnitet, pudet, tædet, piget, decet, delectat, and oportet, must be put in the accusative, 419 and 423. Other impersonals are followed by the dative of the object, when they have one; and when they express any thing done by another, the agent or doer, when expressed, is put in the ablative preceded by a or ab, as in 223–6. EXERCISES.-It becomes, it has repented, it is fought, it pleases, it is favored; it becomes me, I repent (it repents. me), I fight (it is fought by me), you are favored (it is favored to you), you are favored by me; I repented, they have repented, you will repent; they are favored by us,—by you, -by me, &c.; we are favored by them,-by you; they come (it is come by them), they have come, we will come; we run, we will run; if (si) you please, if they please; it was allowed to us, we were allowed; it delights us, or we are delighted, they are delighted; it thunders, it lightens, it hailed, &c § 87. REDUNDANT VERBS. 225.-REDUNDANT VERBS are those which have more than one form of the same part, or which have different forms to express the same sense; as, assentio and assentior, "to assent;" fabrico or fabricor, "to frame;" mereo and mereor, "to deserve;" ědis and es, "thou eatest;" edit and est," he eats;" from ědo, &c. Redundant verbs, in Latin, are chiefly those which are used in two different conjugations; for example, 1. Some are usually of the first conjugation, and sometimes of the third; as, lăvo, lavāre; and lavo, lavere, "to wash." 2. Some are usually of the second conjugation, and some times of the third; as, 3. Some are commonly of the third conjugation, and sometimes of the fourth; as, 4. Cieo, cière is commonly of the second conjugation, but sometimes it is cio, cire in the fourth, "to stir up." § 88. DERIVATIVE VERBS. Verbs are derived either from nouns, or from other verbs. 226.-I. Verbs derived from nouns are called Denomina tives; as, cœno," to sup ;" laudo, "to praise ;" fraudo," to defraud;" lapido, "to throw stones;" opěror, "to work," &c., from cona, laus, fraus, lapis, õpus, &c. But when they express imitation or resemblance, they are called Imitatives; as, patrisco, Græcor, bubulo, cornicor, &c.. "I imitate," or "resemble my father,"-"a Grecian,”--“ an owl,"-" a crow;" from păter, Græcus, bubo, cornix. 227.-II. Verbs derived from other verbs, are chiefly the following; viz.: 1. FREQUENTATIVES. These express frequency of action, and are all of the first conjugation. They are formed from the last supine, by changing atu into ito, in the verbs of the first conjugation; and u into o, in verbs of the other three conjuga tions; thus, 1st. Clamo, to cry ; 3d. Verto, to turn; Last Sup. Freq. hence clamito, to cry frequently. clamātu, territu, versu, 66 verso, to turn frequently. dormito, to sleep often. 4th. Dormio, to sleep; In like manner, deponent verbs form frequentatives in or; as, minor, "to threaten;" of which in the active voice, the latter supine would be minātu, and hence minitor, "to threaten frequently," -ever and anon. 99 66 Obs. 1. Some frequentatives are formed in an irregular manner; as, nāto, from no; noscito, from nosco; scitor or rather sciscitor, from scio; pavito, from paveo; sector, from sequor; loquitor, from loquor. So quærito, fundito, agito, fluito, &c., which formed regularly would be quæsito, fuso, acto, fluxo, &c. Obs. 2. From frequentative verbs are also formed other frequentatives; as, curro, curso, cursito; pello, pulso, pulsito, or, by contraction, pulto; capio, capto, captito; căno, canto, cantito; defendo, defenso, defensito; dico, dicto, dictito; &c. Obs. 3. Frequentatives do not always express frequency of action. Many of them have much the same sense with their primitives, or express the meaning with greater force. 2. INCEPTIVE VERBS. These mark the beginning or continued increase of an action or state. They are formed by adding co to the second person singular of the present indicative; thus, Note. But all verbs in sco are not inceptives. Inceptives are also formed from substantives and adjectives; as, puerasco, from puer; dulcesco, from dulcis; juvenesco, from juvenis. Obs. 4. All inceptives are intransitives, and of the third conjugation. They properly want both the perfect and the supine, unless very rarely, when they borrow them from their primitives. 3. DESIDERATIVE VERBS are those which signify a desire, or intention of doing a thing. They are formed from the latter supine by adding rio, and shortening u; as, coenaturio, "I desire to sup," from coeno, last supine, coenātu. They are all of the fourth conjugation, and want both perfect and supine, except these three; viz.: esurio, esurīre, esurīvi, esurītum, “to desire to eat;" parturio, parturire, parturivi, "to be in travail;" and nupturio, nupturīre, nupturīvi, "to desire to be married." 4. DIMINUTIVES, which represent an action as little or insignificant. They are formed from the present by changing o, eo, and io, into illo; and they are all of the first conjugation; as, canto, cantillo, conscribo, conscribillo, sorbeo, sorbillo. 5. Some verbs in SSO are called INTENSIVE; as, capesso, "I take;" facesso, "I do ;" petesso, or petisso, “I seek earnestly." § 89. ADVERBS. 228.-AN ADVERB is a word joined to a verb, an adjective, or another adverb, to modify it, or to denote some circumstance respecting it. 229.-Adverbs may be considered in respect of Signification, Derivation, and Comparison. I. THE SIGNIFICATION OF ADVERBS. 230. In respect of signification, adverbs may be arranged, in Latin, under the following heads 1. ADVERBS OF PLACE, comprehending those which signify: 1st. Motion or rest in a place; as, ubi, "where;" hic, "here;" illic," there;' intus, "within;" foris, "without;" ubique, "every where;" &c. 2d. Motion to a place; as, quo? "whither ?" huc, "hither;" illuc, isthue, "thither," eò, "to that place;" alio, "to another place;" &c. 8d. Motion from a place; as, unde," whence;" hinc, "hence;” illinc, inde, thence;" superne," from above;" &c. |