14. The Infinitive Mood is used, 1st. Without a subject, or as a verbal noun, § 144, and R. LVI., LVIL 2d. With a subject in dependent and subordinate clauses, § 145, R. LVIIL 15. Participles are construed as adjectives; Gerunds and Supines, as nouns, §§ 146, 147, 148. 16. For the construction of adverbs and conjunctions, see § 134, and § 149. § 96. PARTS OF SYNTAX. 247. The Parts of Syntax are commonly reckoned two: Concord, or agreement, and Gov ernment. 248.-CONCORD is the agreement of one word with another, in gender, number, case, or person. 249.-GOVERNMENT is that power which one word has in determining the mood, tense, or case, of another word. I. CONCORD. 250.-CONCORD, or agreement, is fourfold; viz.: 1. Of a substantive with a substantive; 2. Of an adjective with a substantive; 3. Of a relative with its antecedent; 4. Of a verb with its nominative, or subject. § 97 A SUBSTANTIVE WITH A SUBSTANTIVE. 251.-RULE I. Substantives denoting the same person, or thing, agree in case; as, Cicero orător, Ciceronis cratōris, Urbs Athenæ, Urbi Athenis, Cicero the orator, The city Athens. To the city Athens. 252.-EXPLANATION.-Substantives thus used are said to be in APPOSITION. The second substantive is added, to express some attribute, description, or appellative, belonging to the first, and must always be in the same member of the sentence; i. e., they must be both in the subject, or both in the predicate. A substantive predicated of another, though denoting the same thing, is not in apposition with it, and does not come under this rule. 108. This rule applies to all substantive words, such as personal and relative pronouns, adjectives used substantively, &c. Nouns in apposition are often connected, in English, by such particles as as, being, for, like, &c.; as, Păter misit me comitem, "My father sent me as a companion," "for a companion," &c. OBSERVATIONS. 253.-Obs. 1. It is not necessary that nouns in apposition agree in gender, number, or person. In these respects, they are often different; as, Magnum pauperies opprobrium. HOR. Alexin delicias domini. VIRG. 254. Obs. 2. Two or more nouns in the singular, have a noun in apposition in the plural; as, M. Antonius, C. Cassius, tribūni plebis, " Marcus Antonius, Caius Cassius, tribunes of the people." Also if the singular nouns be of different genders, the plural in apposition will have the mas culine rather than the feminine, if both forms exist; as, Ad Ptolemæum et Cleopatram règes (not regīnas), legāti missi. LIV. 255.—Obs 3. The substantive pronoun, having a word in apposition, is frequently omitted; as, Consul dixi (scil. égo), "(I) the consul said." 256.-Obs. 4. The possessive pronoun, being equivalent to the genitive of the personal, has a noun in apposition with it in the genitive; as, pectus tuum, hominis simplicis. 257.-Obs. 5. Sometimes the former noun denotes a whole, of which the noun in apposition expresses the parts; as, Onerariæ, pars ad Egimurum, aliæ adversus urbem ipsam delatæ sunt, "The ships of burden were carried, part to Ægimurus,-others against the city itself." So, Quisque pro se queruntur, "They complain each for himself.” 258.-Obs. 6. A sentence or clause may supply the place of one of the substantives; as, Cogitet oratōrem institui, rem arduam, "Let him consider that an orator is training, a difficult matter." 259.-Obs. 7. A demonstrative pronoun, in the neuter gender, sometimes refers to a phrase, or a dependent clause in apposition, and, in construction, takes the place of that clause, &c., either as the subject or the object of a verb; as, Vetus nobilitas, majōrum fortia facta, cognatōrum et affinium opes, multa clientela, omnia HEC præsidio adsunt. SALL., Jug., 85. Hoo tibi persuadeas vēlim, me nihil omisisse. Exercitum supplicio cogère, ID est dominum, non imperatōrem esse. SALL., Jug., 85. EXCEPTIONS. 260.-Exc. 1. Sometimes the latter substantive is put in the genitive; as, fons Timavi, "the fountain of Timavus;" amnis Eridani, "the river Eridanus," arbor fici, "the fig tree;" nomen Mercurii est mihi, Words thus construed may be referred to 832. 261.-Exc. 2. A proper name after the generic term nomen, or cognomen, sometimes elegantly takes the case of the person in the dative; as, Nomen Arcturo est mihi, "I have the name Arcturus." PLAUT. So, Cui nunc cognomen Iūlo additur. VIRG. Cui Egerio inditum nomen. Liv Mansit Silviis postea omnibus cognomen. Id. (433.) 262.-Exc. 3. The name of a town in the genitive, denoting at a place may have a noun of the third declension.or plural number, in apposition with it in the ablative, and vice versa; as, Corinthi Achaia urbe," At Corinth, a city of Achaia." This construction depends on the rules, 548, 549. § 98. AN ADJECTIVE WITH A SUBSTANTIVE. 263.-RULE II. An adjective agrees with its substantive in gender, number, and case; as, Bonus vir, a good man. Bonos viros, good men. 264.-EXPLANATION.-This rule applies to all adjectives, adjective pronouns, and participles; and requires that they be in the same gender, number, and case, with their substantives. 250-2. It applies also, when the substantive is in the subject, and the adjective in the predicate. 322. -The word “substantive," in this rule, includes personal and relative pronouns, and all words or phrases used as substantives. 1 OBSERVATIONS. 265.-Obs. 1. Two or more substantives singular, unless taken separately, have an adjective plural; as, Vir et puer territi lupo, A man and a boy terrified by a wolf. 266.—Obs. 2. If all the substantives be of the same gender, the adjectives will be of that gender, as in the example above. But if the substantives are of different genders, the adjective takes the masculine rather than the feminine, and the feminine rather than the neuter; as, Păter mihi, et måter mortui sunt, My father and mother are dead. TIR. 267.-Obs. 3. But if they denote things without life, the adjective is commonly neuter. And, if some of the substantives refer to things with life, and others to things without life, the adjective is either neuter, or takes the gender of the thing or things with life; as, Labor voluptasque sunt dissimilia Toil and pleasure are unlike in nanatūra, ture. Naves et captivi quæ ad Chium The ships and captives which were capta sunt, taken at Chios. Numidæ atque militaria signa obs- The Numidians and their military curati sunt, standards were partially concealed. Also, the neuter is used frequently when the nouns denoting things are of the same gender; as, Postquam īra et avaritia imperio potentiora erant. Liv. 268. Obs. 4. Sometimes, however, the adjective agrees with the nearest noun, and is understood to the rest; as, sociis et rege recepto, VIRG., "Our companions and king being recovered." Note 1.-These observations may, and sometimes do, hold good, even when one or more of the substantives are in the ablative, and connected with the others by cum ; as, Filiam cum filio aceitos. 269.-Obs. 5. When the substantive to which the adjective, or adjective pronoun, belongs may be easily supplied, it is frequently omitted, and the adjective, assuming its gender, number, and case, is often used as a substantive, and may have an adjective agreeing with it; as, Mortalis (homo), a mortal. 270.-Obs. 6. The adjective, predicate, without a substantive the neuter gender; as, Triste lupus stabulis, Labor vincit omnia, Ille (homo), he. Illi (homines), they. Familiaris meus (amicus), my in- especially when used as a or definite object, is used in The wolf is grievous to the folds. 271.-Obs. 7. Imperatives, infinitives, adverbs, clauses, and words considered merely as such, when used substantively, take an adjective in the neuter gender (30); as, Supremum vă le dixit, OVID, He pronounced a last farewell. When does that to-morrow come! That you were not present being excepted. 272.—Ovs. 8. A substantive is sometimes used as an adjective; as, populum late regem (for regnantem), “a_people of extensive sway;" nemo (for nullus) miles Romānus, "no Roman soldier." Sometimes an adverb; as, Heri semper lenitas (probably for lenitas semper existens, or the like). TER. So also adjectives are sometimes used as substantives, as, majores," ancestors;" amicus, "a friend;" summum bonum, “the chief good" (thing); &c. 273.-Obs. 9. These adjectives, prīmus, medius, ultimus, extrēmus, infimus, imus, summus, suprēmus, reliquus, cœtèra, usually signify the "first part," the "middle part," &c., of any thing, and are placed before the substantive; as, media nox, "the middle of the night;" summus mons, “the top of the mountain." 274. Obs. 10. Some adjectives denoting the time or circumstances of an action are used in the sense of adverbs; as, prior venit, "he came first of the two;" pronus cecidit," he fell forward;” abiit su blīm is, “he went on high." 275.— Obs. 11. Alius, though an adjective, is often used as a pronoun, and has this peculiarity of construction, that, when repeated with a different word in the same clause, it renders the one simple proposition to which it belongs equivalent to two, and it is to be so rendered; thus, aliud aliis videtur optimum,“ one thing seems best to some, another seems best to others." So, duo reges, alius alia via, ille bello, hic pace, civitatem auxerunt," two kings, one in one way and another in another;"&c. Or the two simple sentences may be combined in a plural form; thus, "different things seemed best to different persons" "two kings, each in a different way" &c. The same is true when a word derived from alius, such as aliunde, aliter, aliò, is put with it in the same clause; as, aliis aliunde periculum est, "there is danger to one person from one source, and to another from another;" or combined, "there is danger to different persons from different sources." 276.-Obs. 12. When alius is repeated in a different clause, but in the same construction, the first is to be rendered "one," the second, "another if plural, "some," "others;" as, aliud est maledicère, aliud accusare, “it is one thing to rail at, another to accuse." Cro. Proferebant alii purpuram, thus alii, "some brought forth purple, others incense." Instead of alii alii, &c., in the plural, we have sometimes pars—alii ; partim— alii; sometimes alii-pars, alii-partim, "some-others," &c.; and sometimes the first of the pair is omitted. This remark is applicable to alter, remembering only that alius signifies ONE OF MANY; alter, ONE OF TWO; as, quōrum alter exercitum perdidit, alter vendidit. 277.-Obs. 13. Quisque, with the superlative, is equivalent to omnis un the singular or plural, with the positive; thus, optimus quisque omnis bõnus, or omnes boni, “every good man," or, "all good men." With two superlatives, it expresses a sort of reciprocal comparison; as, optimum quidque rarissimum,“ every thing is good in proportion as it is rare;" or the best things are the rarest." |