are sometimes used in comparative expressions; as, Hònos tali popůli Romāni voluntāte, paucis est delātus ac mihi. Cic. Note 2.-When quot, quantus, qualis are used as interrogatives, they have no corresponding antecedent term. 301.-Exc. 4. Instead of the ordinary construction, the relative adjective, with its noun, is sometimes attracted into the case of the relative pronoun understood, as in the following sentence: Si hominibus bonārum rerum tanta cūra esset, quanto studio pětunt, SALL., Jug.; instead of quantum est studium дио aliēna pětunt:—unless this be a case of anacoluthon, the latter part of the sentence being expressed as if the former, had been, Si homines bonas res peterent, quanto studio, &c., i. e., tanto studio quanto, &c. 300, a. § 100. CONSTRUCTION OF THE NOMINATIVE CASE. 302. The nominative case is used, 1. To express the subject of a proposition; 2. In apposition with another substantive in the nominative (§ 97), or predicated of it (§ 103); 3. In exclamations; as, O vir fortis atque amicus! § 101. THE VERB AND ITS NOMINATIVE. 303.-RULE IV. A Verb agrees with its nomiative in number and person; as, 304.-EXPLANATION.-The subject of a finite verb, being a noun, a pronoun, an adjective used as a noun, or a gerund, is put in the nominative case. The subject may also be an infinitive mood or part of a sentence. To all of these the rule applies, and requires that the verb be in the same number and person as the subject, or nominative. For person, see 85, and 118-1, 2. OBSERVATIONS. 305.-Obs. 1. The nominatives ego, nos, of the first person; and tu, vos, of the second, are generally omitted, being obvious from the termina tion of the verb; also the nominative of the third person, when it is an indefinite word, or may be easily supplied from the context; as, fèrunt, they say;" &c. 306.-Obs. 2. The subject is also omitted when the verb expresses the state of the weather, or an operation of nature; as, fulgurat, “it lightens;" pluit, "it rains;" ningit, "it snows." 307.-Obs. 3. Impersonal verbs are usually considered as without a nominative. Still, they will generally be found to bear a relation to some circumstance, sentence, clause of a sentence, or infinitive mood, similar to that between a verb and its nominative; as, delectat me studere, “it delights me to study," i. e. " to study delights me;"-misèret me tui, " I pity you," i. e. conditio, or fortūna tui misèret me, "your condition excites my pity." 662. 308.-Obs. 4. The verb is sometimes omitted when the nominative is expressed, and_sometimes when it is understood; as, nam ègo Polydōrus (sc. sum), "for I am Polydorus ;"-omnia præclāra rāra (sc. sunt)," all excellent things are rare;"-tum ille (sc. respondit), "then he replied;" —vērum hactenus hæc (sc. diximus). 309.-Obs. 5. When the subject is an infinitive, or a clause of a sen tence, the verb is in the third person singular; and, if a compound tense the participle is put in the neuter gender; as, in certum est quam longa nostrum cujusque vīta futūra sit, "how long any of us shall live is uncertain." 66 310. Obs. 6. The nominative is sometimes found with the infinitive, in which case cœpit or cœperunt, or some other verb, according to the sense, is understood; as, omnes invidere mihi, “ every one envied me." The infinitive with the nominative before it, is so common in historical narrative, that it is called the historical infinitive. Thus used, it is translated as the imperfect or the perfect indefinite, for which tenses it seems to be used, and with which it is sometimes connected. 669. 311.-Obs. 7. Videor, in the sense of "I seem," is used throughout as a personal verb, but is often rendered impersonally; as, videor esse liber, it seems that I am free," literally, "I seem to be free."-Followed by the dative of a person, it means to think, fancy, suppose, with reference to the word in the dative, as the subject in English; as, videor tibi esse, “you think that I am," literally, "I seem to you to be;"-tu vidēris mihi, “I think that you;"-videor illi, "he thinks that I;" &c. In the third person singular, followed by an infinitive mood or connected clause, it is rendered impersonally, but still has the infinitive or clause for its subject. See 413. 102. SPECIAL RULES AND OBSERVATIONS. I. Of agreement in Number and Person. 312.-RULE I. Two or more substantives singular, taken together, have a verb in the plural; taken separately, the verb is usually singular; as, (Taken together,) Furor irăque mentem præcipitant, Fury and rage hurry on my mind. (Taken separately,) Si Socrates aut Antisthènes diceret, If Socrates or Antisthenes should say 313.-Obs. 1. To both parts of this rule, however, and especially to the first, there are many exceptions. If one of the nominatives is plural, the verb is commonly plural. But sometimes the verb agrees with the nominative nearest it, and is understood to the rest, especially when each of the nominatives is preceded by et or tum, or when they denote things without life; as, Mens ènim, et ratio, et consilium, in senibus est. When the nominatives are disjunctively connected by aut, neque, &c., the verb is sometimes plural; and it is always so, when the substantives are of different persons; as, Quod nèque égo, nèque Caesar habiti essēmus. Cic. Hæc si nèque è go, neque tu fecimus. TER. 314.-Obs. 2. A substantive in the nominative singular, connected with another in the ablative by cum, may have a plural verb; as, Remo cum fratre Quirīnus jūra dăbunt. 315. Obs. 3. When the nominatives are of different persons, the verb is commonly plural, and takes the first person rather than the second, and the second rather than the third; as, Si tu et Tullia valet is, ego et Cicero valèm us, "If you and Tullia are well, Cicero and I are well.” But sometimes the verb agrees with the nearest nominative, and is understood to the rest, and always so, when the verb has different modifica tions with each nominative; as, Ego misère, tu feliciter vīvis. 316.-RULE II. 1. A collective noun expressing many as one whole, has a verb in the singular; as, Populus me sibilat, The people hiss at me. The Senate came into the Senatehouse. 2. But when it expresses many as individuals, the verb must be plural; Pars epulis onĕrant mensas, Veniunt lève vulgus eunt que, as, Part load the tables with food. The fickle populace come and go. 317.-Obs. 4. To both parts of this rule, there are also exceptions, and in some cases, it seems indifferent whether the verb be in the singular or plural; sometimes both are joined with the same word; as, Turba ex eo loco dilabebatur, refractūrosque carcèrem minabantur. 318.-Obs. 5. Uterque, quisque, pars....pars, alius.... alius, and alter....alter, on account of the idea of plurality involved, frequently have the verb in the plural. This construction may be explained on the principle mentioned 281, where see examples; or 257. § 103. THE PREDICATE NOMINATIVE. 319.-RULE V. The predicate substantive or adjective, after a verb, is put in the same case as the subject before it; as, Ego sum discipulus, I am a scholar. Thou art called John. 320.-EXPLANATION.-Under this rule, the nominative before the verb is the subject or thing spoken of; the nominative after it, is the predicate, or the thing asserted of the subject. The verb is the copula connecting the one with the other, and is usually a substantive verb (187), an intransitive verb, or a passive verb of naming, judging, appointing, &c., which, from its use, is called a copulative verb. This rule applies to the accusative and dative before, and after, the infinitive of copulative verbs. See Obs, 5, 6, 7, 8, below. OBSERVATIONS. 321.-Obs. 1. Any copulative verb between two nominatives of different numbers, commonly agrees in number with the former, or subject; as, Dos est decem talenta, "Her dowry is ten talents." TER. Omnia pontus èrant," All was sea." OVID. But sometimes with the latter or predicate; as, Amantium īræ, amōris integratio est, “The quarrels of lovers is a renewal of love." a. So also, when the nouns are of different genders, an adjective, adjective pronoun, or a participle, in the predicate, commonly agrees with the subject of the verb; as, Oppidum appellatum est Possidonia ;-but sometimes with the predicate; as, Non omnis error stultitia dicenda est. CIC. b. The verb esse sometimes takes an adverb in the predicate, where, in English, an adjective is commonly used; as, omnia măla abunde èrant, "—were abundant;"-Romānos laxius futuros, "that the Romans would be more negligent;"-ea res frustra fuit, "that was of no wail." 322.-Obs. 2. When the predicate is an adjective, adjective pronoun, or participle without a substantive, it agrees with the subject before the verb according to Rule II (263); except as noticed in the same section, Obs. 6 (270). 323.-Obs. 3. When the subject is of the second person, and the vocative stands before the verb, the adjective or participle will usually be in the nominative, according to the rule; as, esto tu, Cæsar, amicus; but sometimes it is put in the vocative; as, Quibus, Hector, ab oris expec tāte venis (VIRG.), for expectatus. Hence the phrase, Macte virtute esto, for mactus. 66 324. Obs. 4. The noun opus, commonly rendered "needful," is often used as a predicate after sum; as, dux nobis opus est, a leader is wanted by us." Note 1.-Such expressions as audivi hoc puer,-rempublicam defendi adolescens, sapiens nil făcit invitus, belong more properly to Rules I. and II. than to this (251 and 263). 325.--Obs. 5. The accusative or dative before the infinitive under this Rule, requires the same case after it in the predicate; as, Novimus te esse fortem, Mihi negligenti non esse licet, Note 2-In this construction, the novimus te fortem, for esse fortem. We know that thou art brave, I am not allowed to be negligent. infinitive is sometimes omitted; as, 326.-Obs. 6. When the subject of the infinitive is the same with the subject of the preceding verb, it is often omitted, in which case the predicate after the infinitive is in the nominative agreeing with the preceding subject, or in the accusative agreeing with the subject of the infinitive understood; as, cupio dici doctus, or cupio dici doctum, i. e. me dici doctum, "I desire to be called learned." The first of these is a Greek construction, and seldom used by Latin prose writers. See Gr. Gram., § 175, 3. 327.-Obs. 7. When the infinitive of such verbs has a dative before it, it may be followed either by a dative or an accusative; as, licet mihi esse beato; or, licet mihi esse beatum, "I may be happy." In the first case, beato agrees with,mihi; in the second, beatum agrees with me, to be supplied as the subject of esse. Sometimes, when the sentence is indefinite. the dative also is understood; as, licet esse beātum (sc. alicui), "one may be happy." The first of these forms also is a Greek construction. See Gr. Gram., § 175, Obs. 5. 328.-Obs. 8. This variety of case after the infinitive, is admissible only with the nominative, dative, and accusative. The other cases before the infinitive have the accusative after it, agreeing with the subject of the infinitive understood; as, interest omnium (se) esse bò no s 329.-§ 104. GOVERNMENT. 1. GOVERNMENT is the power which one word has over another depend ing upon it, requiring it to be put in a certain case, mood, or tense. 2. The words subject to government are nouns and verbs. 3. The words governing or affecting these in their case, mood, or tense, are nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, and words indeclinable. |