4. To the Syntax of nouns, belongs all that part of Syntax relating to the government of case. Every thing else in government belongs to the Syntax of the verb, § 137, et seq.

SYNTAX OF THE NOUN.

330. In this part of Grammar, under the term noun or substantive, i■ comprehended every thing used as such; namely, nouns, personal pronouns, adjective pronouns used personally, adjectives without substantives, gerunds, together with infinitives, and substantive clauses used as nouns.

The construction of the oblique cases depends, in general, upon the particular ideas expressed by the cases themselves, as they are stated No. 50, or as they are mentioned hereafter, under each case,

§ 105. CONSTRUCTION OF THE GENITIVE. 331.-The Genitive, as its name imports, with the meaning of the word, connects the idea of origin, and hence that of property or possession. It is used, in general, to limit the signification of another word, with which it is joined, by representing it as something originating with, possessed by, or relating to, that which the genitive or limiting word expresses; and it is said to be governed by the word so limited, i, e., the word limited requires the word limiting it to be put in the Genitive case. The Genitive is governed by Nouns, Adjectives, and Verbs; and also is used to express circumstances of place, quantity, or degree.

§ 106. THE GENITIVE GOVERNED BY NOUNS. 332.-RULE VI. One substantive governs another in the genitive, when the latter substantive limits the signification of the former; as,

333.-EXPLANATION.-Under this rule, the two substantives must ve of different signification, and the one used to restrict the meaning of the

other. Thus, in the first example, amor, alone, means "love," in general, but the term gloriæ, joined with it, restricts its meaning here to a particular object, "glory," and so of other examples.

N. B. When a noun is limited by another of the same signification, it is put in the same case by Ruie I (251).

OBSERVATIONS.

334.--Obs. 1. When the governing noun expresses a feeling or act, &c., inherent in, or exercised by, the noun governed in the genitive, the genitive is said to be subjective or active. But when the governing noun denotes something of which the noun governed is the object, the genitive is then said to be objective or passive. Thus, in the phrase providentia Dei, the genitive is necessarily subjective or active, because providentia expresses an act or operation of which God is the subject, and of which he cannot be the object. On the other hand, in the phrase timor Dei, "the fear of God," the genitive Dei is necessarily objective or passive, because timor denotes a feeling in some other subject of which God is the object, and cannot be the subject. Sometimes the meaning of both substantives is such, that the genitive may be either active or passive; thus, when the expression ǎmor Dei means the love which God has to us, Dei is active or subjective; but when it means the love which we have to God, Dei is passive or objective. In such cases, the sense in which the genitive is used must be determined by the author's meaning.

335.-Obs. 2. Hence it often happens that a noun governs two substantives, one of which limits it subjectively, and the other objectively; as, Agamemnonis belli gloria, "Agamemnon's glory in war." NEP. Here, Agamemnonis limits gloria subjectively, and belli limits it objectively. So, Illius administratio provinciæ. Cia

336. Obs. 3. The governing noun is often omitted, but only, however, when the expression itself readily suggests the noun to be supplied; as, ad Dianæ, sc. adem; or when it can be readily supplied from the preceding or following words.

337.--Obs. 4. Instead of the genitive of the personal pronoun governed by the noun, it is more common to use the possessive adjective pronoun agreeing with it; as, meus păter, rather than păter mei. So also, instead of the genitive of a noun, a possessive adjective is sometimes used; as, causa regia, for rēgis causa; herīlis filius, for filius hèri.

338.-Obs. 5. The dative is often used instead of the genitive, to limit a noun as to its object; as, fratri ades, for fratris, "the house of my brother;"-præsidium reis, " a defence to the accused." For this construction, see 380 and 381.

339.-RULE VII. A substantive added to another, to express a property or quality belonging to it, is put in the genitive or ablative; as,

Vir summæ prudentiæ, or summá prudentia,
Puer probe indolis, or pròbá indõle,

A man of great wisdom.
A boy of a good disposition.

340.-EXPLANATION.-Under this rule, the latter substantive in the genitive or ablative must denote a part or property of the former, otherwise does not belong to this rule. The latter substantive, also, has commonly an adjective joined with it as in the preceding examples, though this is not essential to the rule; and sometimes it is found without it; as, Hŏmo nihili.

341.-Obs. 6. There is no certain rule by which to determine when the genitive is to be used, or when the ablative, though in some phrases we find the genitive only is used; as, vir īmi subsellii, “a person of the lowest rank;"-homo nullius stipendii, "a man of no experience in war (SALL.);-magni formica laboris, &c. In others, the ablative only; as, Es bono animo, “Be of good courage." Sometimes both are used in the same sentence; as, adolescens eximia spe, summæ virtutis. In prose, the ablative is more common than the genitive.

342.-Obs. 7. Sometimes, instead of the construction under this rule, the adjective is put with the former substantive; as, Vir gravitate et pru dentiá præstans. Cic. So, Vir præstantis ingenii,—præstanti ingenio,—præstans ingenio, and (poetically)-præstans ingenii, are all used. And sometimes, when the adjective takes the case of the former substantive, the latter substantive, especially by the poets, is, by a Greek construction, put in the accusative instead of the genitive or ablative; as, miles fractus membra, instead of membris;-os humeros que similis deo, instead of ōre humerisque similis deo. For this use of the accusative, see 538.

Adjectives taken as Substantives.

343.-RULE VIII. An adjective in the neuter gender, without a substantive, governs the genitive; as,

Multum pecuniæ,
Id negotii,

Much money.
That business.

344.-EXPLANATION.-Under this rule, the adjective, without a substantive expressed, is regarded as a substantive, and so, capable of being limited by the genitive, as under Rule VI (382).

345.-Obs. 8. The adjectives thus used have a partitive character and are generally such as signify quantity; multum, plus, plurimum, tantum, quantum;—the pronouns hoc, id, illud, istud, quod, quid, with its compounds;-also summum, ultimum, extrēmum, dimidium, medium, aliud, &c. To these may be added nihil, “nothing," which is always a substantive; and the adverbs sătis, părum, abunde, affatim, and sometimes largiter, in a substantive sense; as, nihil pretii, sătis eloquentiæ, sapientiæ părum. 595.

This rule applies also to several neuter adjectives in the plural, used ir a partitive sense; as, angusta viarum, “the narrow parts of the road;" opaca locōrum; antiqua fœděrum; cuncta campōrum ;*&c.

Note. Such adjectives, followed by a genitive, are always either in the

nominative or accusative; and, when in the accusative, are not dependent on a preposition.

346.-Obs. 9. Most of these adjectives may have their substantives with which they agree; but the more common construction is with the genitive; as, tantum spei," so much hope;"—quid mulieris? “what kind of a woman?"-aliquid formæ; quid hoc rei est? And sometimes the genitive after these neuters is the genitive of an adjective used as a substantive; as, aliquid novi, tantum boni, &c.

347.-Obs. 10. Quod and quicquid, followed by a genitive, include the idea of universality; as, quod agri, "what of land," i. e. "all the land;" quicquid civium, "whatever of citizens,” i. e. "all the citizens;" quicquid deōrum, "all the gods."

348. Obs. 11. Opus and usus, signifying "need," sometimes govern the genitive; as, Argenti õpus fuit, "There was need of money." LIV. Proamii non semper usus est, "There is not always need of an introduction." QUINCT. In general, these words govern the ablative. 456

§ 107. GENITIVE GOVERNED BY ADJECTIVES. 349.-RULE IX. Verbal adjectives, or such as imply an operation of mind, govern the genitive;

as,

Avidus gloriæ,
Ignārus fraudis,

Memor beneficiorum,

Desirous of glory.

Ignorant of fraud.

Mindful of favors.

350.-EXPLANATION.-The genitive in this construction, as in § 106, is used to limit the application of the general term or adjective by which it is governed, and may be rendered by of, or, in respect of, prefixed; thus, in the first example, avidus expresses the possession of desire generally; the genitive gloria limits it to a certain object, "glory;" and so of the other examples.

OBSERVATIONS.

351.-Obs. 1. Adjectives governing the genitive under this rule, are:

1st. VERBALS in AX; as, căpax, èdax, fèrax, fugax, pervicax, tènax, &c. 2d. PARTICIPLES in NS and TUS; as, ămans, appètens, cupiens, patiens, impatiens, sitiens, colens, fugiens, intelligens, metuens, temperans, intemperans; consultus, doctus, expertus, inexpertus, insuētus, insolitus, &c.

340.-EXPLANATION.-Under this rule, the latter substantive in the genitive or ablative must denote a part or property of the former, otherwise does not belong to this rule. The latter substantive, also, has commonly an adjective joined with it as in the preceding examples, though this is not essential to the rule; and sometimes it is found without it; as, Homo nihili.

341.-Obs. 6. There is no certain rule by which to determine when the genitive is to be used, or when the ablative, though in some phrases we find the genitive only is used; as, vir imi subsellii, "a person of the lowest rank;"-homo nullius stipendii, "a man of no experience in war" (SALL);-magni formica laboris, &c. In others, the ablative only; as, Es bono animo," Be of good courage." Sometimes both are used in the same sentence; as, adolescens eximia spe, summæ virtutis. In prose, the ablative is more common than the genitive.

342.-Obs. 7. Sometimes, instead of the construction under this rule, the adjective is put with the former substantive; as, Vir gravitate et pru dentiá præstans. CIC. So, Vir præstantis ingenii, præstanti ingenio,—præ stans ingenio, and (poetically)-præstans ingenii, are all used. And sometimes, when the adjective takes the case of the former substantive, the latter substantive, especially by the poets, is, by a Greek construction, put in the accusative instead of the genitive or ablative; as, miles fractus membra, instead of membris;-os humeros que similis deo, instead of ōre humerisque similis deo. For this use of the accusative, see 538.

Adjectives taken as Substantives.

343.-RULE VIII. An adjective in the neuter gender, without a substantive, governs the genitive; as,

Multum pecuniæ,
Id negotii,

Much money.
That business.

344.-EXPLANATION.-Under this rule, the adjective, without a substantive expressed, is regarded as a substantive, and so, capable of being limited by the genitive, as under Rule VI (332).

345.-Obs. 8. The adjectives thus used have a partitive character and are generally such as signify quantity; multum, plus, plurimum, tantum, quantum; the pronouns hoc, id, illud, istud, quod, quid, with its compounds;-also summum, ultimum, extremum, dimidium, medium, aliud, &c. To these may be added nihil, "nothing," which is always a substantive; and the adverbs satis, părum, abunde, affatim, and sometimes largiter, in a substantive sense; as, nihil pretii, satis eloquentiæ, sapientia părum. 595.

This rule applies also to several neuter adjectives in the plural, used ir a partitive sense; as, angustą viārum, "the narrow parts of the road;" opāca locōrum; antiqua fœděrum ; cuncta campōrum; &c.

Note. Such adjectives, followed by a genitive, are always either in the