rendered to express the nature of the limitation intended; as, in, in respect of, with respect to, with regard to, &c. 537.-Obs 1 The part affected, after adjectives and verbs, belongs to this rule, containing, as it does, a similar limitation of a general expres sion, as in the last of the examples above. The following are of a similar character: Anxius animo, TAC.; Crine rüber; ōre niger, MART.; Contremisco totâ mente et omnibus artibus, Cic.; Animō que el corpore torpet, HOR. 538.—Exc. 1. The part affected, in initation of a Greek construction, 28 sometimes expressed in the accusative; as, Nūdus membra, “Bare as to his limbs," VIRG. So, sibila colla tumentem, Id.; explēri mentem nequit, Id.; fractus membra, HoR.; tempora cinctus, VIRG. This construction is in imitation of the Greek. See Gr. Gram., § 157, Obs. 1. 539.-Exc. 2. In like manner, a noun or pronoun, denoting that in regard to which, or with respect to which, any thing is, is said, or is done, is sometimes put in the accusative; as, Nunc illos qui in urbe remansèrunt, “Now, in regard to those who remained in the city;" Quod reliquum est, “As to that which remains." This construction is quite common with such accusatives as id, hoc, aliquid, reliqua, cætera, magnam partem, maximam partem, and the like; as, reliqua similis; cætera egregium; meos libros magnam partem amisi, &c. In such constructions, ad, meaning "in regard to," "in respect of," "as to," (Andrews' Lexicon, D. 1), is probably understood. 540.-Exc. 3. After certain adjectives and verbs denoting an affection or state of mind, respect wherein, or the part affected, is, in imitation of the Greek, expressed in the genitive; as, integer vitæ ; diversus mōrum; discrucior animi; animi pendeo; recreabar animi. See also 371. 541.-Obs. 2. To this rule may be referred the matter of which any thing is made; as, are cavo clypeus, "a shield of hollow brass." But here the preposition is commonly expressed; as, templum de marmore. In imitation of the Greeks, the matter is sometimes put in the genitive; as, cratēres argenti, "goblets of silver." Gr. Gram., § 156, Obs. 3. 129. THE ABLATIVE OF CAUSE, MANNER, &c. 542. RULE XXXV. The cause, manner, means, and instrument, are put in the ablative; as, Palleo mětu, I am pale for fear. He did it after his own way, 543.-EXPLANATION.-The ablative, in this rule, is probably govern. ed by a preposition understood,-as there are numerous instances in which the preposition is expressed. The cause will be known by putting the question, "Why?" or "Wherefore?" the manner, by "How ?" the means, by "By what means?" the instrument, by "Wherewith ?" 544.-Obs. 1. The cause sometimes takes the prepositions per, propter, ob, with the accusative; or de, e, ex, præ, with the ablative; as, de pulsus per invidiam; fessus de vid. 545.-Obs. 2. The manner is sometimes expressed by a, ab, cum, de ex, per; as, de mōre suo;—the means frequently by per, and cum; as, cum meis copiis omnibus vexāvi Amanienses. See 530. 546. Obs. 3. The instrument, properly so called, seldom admits a preposition, though, among the poets, a, ab, de, sub, are sometimes used, as, pectora trajectus ab ense; exercere solum sub vomère. § 130. CIRCUMSTANCES OF PLACE. 547.--The circumstances of place may be reduced to four particulars: 1. The place where, or in which;-2. The place whither, or to which;3. The place whence, or from which;-4. The place by, or through which. N. B. The following rules respecting place, refer chiefly to the names of towns. Sometimes, though very seldom, the names of countries, provinces, islands, &c., are construed in the same way. With these, however, the preposition is commonly added. 1. The place WHERE, or IN WHICH. 548.-RULE XXXVI. The name of a town, denoting the place where, or, in which, is put in the genitive; as, Vixit Romæ, Mortuus est Milēti, He lived at Rome. 549.-Exc. But if the name of the town where, or in which, is of the third declension, or plural number, it is expressed in the ablative; as, Habitat Carthagine, He dwells at Carthage. 550.--Obs. 1. When the name of a town is joined with an adjective, or common noun in apposition, a preposition is commonly added; as, Roma in celebri urbe; or, in Romæ celebri urbe; or, in Roma celebri urbe; or sometimes, Romæ celebri urbe. 262. Note. In this construction, the name of a town, in the third declension, frequently has the ablative singular in i; as, Habitat Carthagini. Fuêre Sicyoni jamdiu Dionysia, PLAUT.; Tibŭri genitus, SUET. 551.-Obs. 2. The natre of the town where, or in which, is sometimes, though rarely, put in the ablative when it is of the first or second declension; as, Tyro rex decessit, for Tyri, "The king died at Tyre," JUST.; Hujus exemplar Româ nullum habemus, VITRUV. 552.-Obs. 3. The preposition in is sometimes expressed before the ablative; as, In Philippis quidam nunciavit, SUET. At, or near a place is expressed by ad, or apud with the accusative; as, ad, or ăpud Trojam, “at, or near Troy.” 2. The place wHITHER, or TO WHICH. 553.-RULE XXXVII. The name of a town denoting the place whither, or to which, is put in the accusative; as, Venit Romam, Profectus est Athenas, He came to Rome 554.--Obs. 4. Among the poets, the town to which is sometimes put in the dative; as, Carthagini nuncios mittam, Hoв. 555.--Obs. 5. After verbs of telling, and giving, when motion to is implied, the name of a town is sometimes put in the accusative; as, Rōmam erat nunciatum, “The report was carried to Rome;" Messānam litèras dèdit. 3. The place wHENCE, or FROM WHICH. 556.-RULE XXXVIII. The name of a town whence or from which, by or through which, is put in the ablative; as, Discessit Corintho, He departed from Corinth. 557.-Obs. 6. The place by or through which, however, is commonly put in the accusative with per; as, Per Thebas iter fecit, NEP. 4. Domus and rus. 558. RULE XXXIX. Domus and rus are construed in the same way as names of towns; as, Mănet domi (548), Domum revertitur (553), Vivit rure or rūri (548), Abiit rus (553), Rediit rure (556), He stays at home. He returns home. So also He lives in the country. He has returned from the country. 559.--Obs. 7. Humi, militiæ, and belli, are likewise construed in the genitive like names of towns; as, jucet humi, “he lies on the ground;" domi et militiæ (or belli), “at home or abroad." 560.--Obs. 8. When domus is joined with an adjective, the preposition is commonly used; as, in domo paterná. So, ad domum paternam, er domo paterna.-Except with meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester, regius, and alienus; then it follows the rule. When domus has another substantive after it in the genitive, it may be with, or without, a preposition; as, deprehensus est domi, domo, or in domo Cæsaris. 561.--Obs. 9. Rus, and rure, in the singular, joined with an adjective are used with, or without, a preposition. But rūra, in the plural, is never without it. 562.-Obs. 10. The names of countries, provinces, and all other places except towns, are commonly construed with a preposition; as, nātus in Italia; abiit in Italiam; rediit ex Italia; transit per It aliam, &c. A few cases occur, however, in which names of countries, provinces, &c., are construed like the names of towns, without a preposition as, Pompeius Cypri visus est, &c., Cæs. 563.-Pěto, "I seek," or "go to,” always governs the accusative as a transitive active verb, without a preposition; as, Petivit Egyptum, “He went to Egypt." 564.--Obs. 11. The word containing an answer to the question whither? is often put by the poets in the accusative without a preposition; as, Speluncam Dido dux et Trojānus eandem dēveniunt, VIRG. Likewise, the answer to the question where? or whence? in the ablative, without a preposition; as, Silvis que agris que viis que corpora fœda jacent. So, cadère nubibus; descendère cœlo; currus carceribus missi. See 611. § 131. CIRCUMSTANCES OF TIME. 565.-RULE XL. Time when, is put in the ablative; as, Venit hōrd tertiâ, He came at the third hour. RULE XLI. Time how long, is put in the accusative, or ablative; as, Mansit paucos dies, He staid a few days. He was absent six months. 566.--EXPLANATION.-A precise period or point of time, is usually put in the ablative,-continuance of time, not marked with precision, for the most part, in the accusative. 567.-Note.-It must be observed here, that the point of time under this rule, must coincide with the time of the verb with which it is connect ed; otherwise, the rule does not hold good;-thus, "He invited me to dine with him next day," is properly rendered under this rule : Sēcum postèro die ut pranderem invitavit; because postèro die and pranderem are cotemporary. But, if we change the verb pranderem for a noun, postěro die will not do in the ablative, but must be changed thus; ad prandium me invitavit in posterum diem. Postèro die, in this sentence, would mean that the invitation was given next day, and would be rendered, in English, "Next day, he invited me to dinner." OBSERVATIONS. 568.-Obs. 1. All the circumstances of time are often expressed with a preposition; such as, in, de, ad, ante, circa, per, &c. Sometimes ad, or circa, is understood before hoc, illud, id, isthuc, with ætatis, temporis, hōræ, &c., following in the genitive; as, (ad) id temporis, for eo tempore, &c. 569.--Obs. 2. Precise time, before or after another fixed time, is ex pressed by ante, or post, regarded as adverbs, either with the accusative or ablative; as, aliquot ante annos; paucis ante dièbus; paucos post dies, &c. 570. Sometimes quam, with a verb, is added to ante, or post; as, Paucis post diebus quam Luca discesserat, "A few days after he had departed from Luca." Sometimes post is omitted before quam; as, Die vigesima quam creātus èrat. 571.-Obs. 3. Instead of postquam, we sometimes find ex quo, or quum, or a relative agreeing with the preceding ablative; as, Octo diebus quibus has literas dabam, " Eight days after I gave these letters." 572.-Obs. 4. The adverb abhinc is used to express past time, joined with the accusative or ablative, without a preposition; as, Factum est ab hinc biennio, or biennium, "It was done two years ago." § 132. CIRCUMSTANCES OF MEASURE. 573.-RULE XLII. Measure or distance is put in the accusative, and sometimes in the ablative; as, Mūrus est decem pedes altus, The wall is ten feet high. The city is distant thirty miles. OBSERVATIONS. 574.--Obs. 1. The accusative or ablative of measure, is put after such adjectives, and verbs of dimension, as longus, latus, crassus, profundus, altus; Patet, porrigitur, eminet, &c. The names of measure are pes, cubitus, ulnus, digitus, paimus, mille passuum, a mile, &c. 575. Obs. 2. The accusative or ablative of distance, is used only after verbs which express motion or distance; as, eo, curro, dūco, absum, |