volo; obeo, prætereo, abdico, effèro, everto, &c. Some compounds with inter, and præter, commonly omit the preposition. The compounds of in, ob, and sub, generally take the dative; those of super, generally the accusative.

616. Obs. 8. Some verbs compounded with e, or ex, are followed by an accusative or ablative; as, exire līmen. TER. exire septis. VIRG. Some words compounded with pro, take an accusative; as, Tibur aquæ præfluunt. HoR. In some of these cases, however, the accusative may be governed by præter or extra, understood.

617.--Obs. 9. The case governed by the preposition in composition is sometimes omitted; as, Emittĕre servum, sc. mănu. PLAUT. Evomère virus, sc ōre. Cic. Educère copias, sc. castris. Cæs. For the construction of interjections, see § 117.

SYNTAX OF THE VERB.

§ 137. CONNECTION OF TENSES.

618.--The tenses in the indicative and subjunctive moods, so far as relates to their construction, may be divided into two classes, Primary and Secondary, as follows,

With the primary tenses may be classed, the Imperative Mood.

Of these tenses, the Primary are used to express actions, &c., as present or future; the Secondary, in the recital of these actions as past.

In the construction of sentences consisting of different members, the subjunctive mood, in the subordinate or secondary parts, usually corresponds, in time, to the tense in the primary, or leading part. Hence the following Rule.

619.-RULE LIII. Any tense of the subjunctive mood, may follow a tense of the same class in the indicative; as,

I read,

I have read, that I may learn.
I will read,

Read, that you may learn.

I was reading,

ut discěrem, I read,

I had read,

that I might learn

620.-EXPLANATION.-In clauses connected, the present, the perfect, and periphrastic future with sim or fuerim, 214-8, in the subjunctive mood, may follow either the present, or the perfect definite, or the futures, of the indicative, or the imperative mood. In like manner, the imperfect, the pluperfect, and the periphrastic future with essem or fuissem, in the subjunctive mood, may follow either the imperfect, or the perfect indefinite, or the pluperfect in the indicative.

621.-Obs. 1. When the present tense of the indicative is used in narration for the past, 157-3, it may be followed by the secondary tenses of the subjunctive, as Legatos mittunt ut pacem impetrarent.

622.--Obs. 2. Primary tenses are sometimes followed by secondary, and secondary by primary, in order to express actions whose time is dif

ferent.

623.-Obs. 3. When the subjunctive follows an infinitive or participle in the primary clause, the class of tenses employed, usually corresponds to the time of the verb on which the infinitive or participle depends.

N. B. This rule and the observations under it, are to be regarded as stating only general principles, the deviations from which, in expressing the endless variety of relations among actions with reference to time, dependence, &c., can be learned only by practice and close attention to classic usage.

For the interchange of tenses in the same and in different moods, see observations on the tenses, §§ 44 and 45.

624.- 138. CONSTRUCTION OF THE INDICATIVE

MOOD.

1. The indicative mood is used in Latin, to express what is actual and certain, in an absolute and independent manner; as, vēni, vidi, vici, "I came, saw, and conquered." It is also used in direct and independent interrogations; as, Quid agis? "what are you doing?"

2. The indicative mood is used in conditional and dependent clauses, to denote, not what is contingent or uncertain, but what is supposed, or admitted as fact; as, Si vă les, bene est, "if you are in health, it is well," i. e. "since you are in

health."

3. Independent assertions made in English by shall, will, can, may, ought, and the like, are made in Latin by the indicative of verbs expressing these ideas; as, volumus īre, 66 we will go," debes facere, "you ought to do it," 147. In general, the verbs oportet, necesse est, debeo, convěnit, possum, licet;—also, the expressions par, fas, æquum, justum, consentaneum est;—

and æquius, melius, utilius, optabilius est, are put in the past tenses of the indicative, though translated by the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive. Hence,

4. The indicative is used in the sense of the subjunctive, and translated by the potential in English, when an act, &c., though not performed, is expressed as what would have been proper, practicable, or advantageous; as, Miloni optabilius fuit dăre jugulum P. Clodio ; "it would have been more de

sirable," &c., 164–4.

5. The past tenses of the indicative, are sometimes used for the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive, in the conclusion of a conditional clause, by which the description is rendered more animated; as, pons sublicius iter hostibus dědit, ni, &c. "the wooden bridge would have afforded a passage to the enemy, unless" &c; so, actum erat de pulcherrimo imperio, nisi, &c., 140 and 625-4th.

The signification and use of this mood, in its several tenses, are specified, § 44.

§ 139. CONSTRUCTION OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE

MOOD.

[For the character and meaning of this mood, in its several tenses, see § 42. II. and § 45.]

The subjunctive mood is used sometimes in independent, but, for the most part, in dependent propositions.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IN INDEPENDENT PROPO

SITIONS.

625. The subjunctive mood is used, apparently at least, in independent propositions:

1st. To soften an assertion or statement; as, nemo istud tibi concedat, "no one would grant that to you;" forsitan temère fecèrim, "perhaps I may have acted rashly;" quis dubitet? "who can doub it ?"

21. T express a wish or desire, like the Greek Optative; as, e aāmus, "let us go;" moriāmur, "let us die;" nunc revertamur, "let us now return." In the second, and the third person, it is used to exhort or command; and, with a negative, to forbid; as, faciat, "let him do it" ipse viderit, "let him see to it himself." Cic. Ne me attingas, "do not touch me" TER. Emas quod necesse est. (171-1). SEN.

3d. To express a doubtful question; as, quo eam? "whither shall 1 go? quid aliud faceret? "what else could he do?” (171–2). C1o. 4th. After the imperfect, and pluperfect subjunctive, in a conditional clause with si, etsi, quasi, etiamsi, tametsi, ni, nisi, the subjunctive is used independently in the apodosis, or conclusion, in the same tenses, when the thing supposed did not exist. Also, after the present, and perfect in the sense of the imperfect or pluperfect; as, si hic sis, aliter sentias, "if you were here, you would think otherwise." TER. Quos ni mea cura resistat, jam flammæ tulĕrint. VIRG. In this construction, the conditional clause is some times omitted; as, magno mercentur Atridæ (si possint). VIRG. Note. But, though in these and many similar expressions, the subjunctive appears to be used independently, it is easy to see, that in most cases, if not in all, it depends on an indicative or imperative understood, and which has been omitted for the sake of brevity (145).

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IN DEPENDENT PROPOSITIONS.

626. The subjunctive mood is used, for the most part, in dependent clauses, and is preceded by another verb in the indicative, imperative, or infinitive mood, expressed or understood, with which it is connected by a conjunction, a relative, or an indefinite term, and may generally be rendered by the potential in English (142-2d, and 143).

Obs. The construction of the subjunctive mood, in Latin agrees, generally, with its construction in English and in Greek. Its use, however, is much more extensive in Latin, being employed in many cases in which the indicative is used in these languages. Its construction in dependent propositions, is subject to the following Rules.

§ 140. SUBJUNCTIVE AFTER CONJUNCTIONS, &c. 627-RULE LIV. The conjunctions, ut, quo, licet, ne, utinam, and dummodo, &c., and words used indefinitely in dependent clauses, for the most part, require the subjunctive mood; as,

Lego ut discam,
Nescit qui sim,

I read that I may learn.
He knows not who I am.

EXPLANATION.—The conjunctions requiring the subjunctive mood, are those which imply doubt, contingency, uncertainty, and the like, as follows:

1. Ut, quo, "that," ne, quominus, "that not," referring to the result, end, or design, take the subjunctive; thus,

1st. Ut, "that," denoting a result, after such words as sic, ita, adeo, tam, tālis, tantus, is, ejusmodi, is followed by the subjunctive.

2d. Ut, "that," and ne, "that not," denoting purpose or design; or when "that" is equivalent to "in order that," "so that," take the subjunctive. 3d. After verbs signifying to request, admonish, advise, commission, en courage, command, and the like; or to endeavor, aim at, or ac complish; as, facio, efficio, &c.; and sometimes to permit, to wish, to be necessary, &c., ut and ne usually take the subjunctive. 4th. Ut, with the subjunctive, usually follows such impersonals as fit, fieri non potest, accidit, incidit, occurrit, contingit, evěnit, ūsu věnit, rārum est, sequitur, futurum est, reliquum est, relinquitur, restat, supĕrest, õpus est, est signifying it happens, it occurs, it remains, &c. 2. Si "if;" ut si, quăsi, ac si, æque ac si, perinde ut si, aliter ac si, vělut si, tanquam, ceu, as if," expressing a condition or supposition, commonly take the subjunctive.

3. Ut, licet, etiam si, quamvis, "although;" quin for qui non, or ut non, or quominus, take the subjunctive.

4. Antequam, priusquam, "before;" dum, donec, quoad, "until," modo, dum, dummodo, "provided," and the particles of wishing, utinam, O si, ut or úti, for utinam, commonly take the subjunctive.

5. Interrogative words used indefinitely in dependent clauses, or containing an indirect question, take the subjunctive.

The words thus used are, the particles an, ne, num, utrum, anne, annon; the adverbs ubi, quo, unde, quorsum, quamdiu, quoties, cur, quāre, quamobrem, quemadmodum, quomodo, ut, quam, quantopère;—the adjectives quantus, quālis, quot, quõtus, uter; quis, qui, cujas, &c.

Note. In double questions, direct or indirect, expressed in English by 'whether-or," the first is commonly made by utrum, or the enclitic ne, and the second by an, or anne. The first particle, however, is often oinitted, but must be supplied in translating; as, id frustra an ob rem faciam, ("whether) I shall do this to no purpose or successfully." The English" or not" is made, in the second part, by necne; as, dii utrum sint necne sint quæritur. Posset lege agi necne pauci quondam sciebant. It is used also in direct questions; as, sunt hæc tua verba necne?

628.--Obs. 1. Many of these conjunctions are used also with the indicative mood. In such cases, they are to be regarded merely as connectives, or used adverbially, denoting circumstances of time, manner, &c.

629). Obs. 2. Many other conjunctions are used, sometimes with the indicative, and sometimes with the subjunctive mood; such as, quum (or