singular, present indicative, active, of the fourth conjugation; as, audīs. Also in fis, is, sīs, vīs, velīs, and their compounds possis, quamvis, malis, nolis, &c.

Exc. 4. Monosyllables in us are long; as, grūs, sūs, &c.

Also those which have ūris, ūdis, ūtis, untis, or odis, in the genitive; as tellūs, incūs, virtūs, Amathūs, tripūs. To these add Greek genitives in us; as, Didūs, Sapphus, &c.

Exc. 5. Tethys is sometimes long, likewise nouns in ys, which have also yn in the nominative; as, Phorcÿs or Phorcýn.

§ 161. QUANTITY OF DERIVATIVES AND COM

POUNDS.

833.-RULE XXV. Derivatives follow the quantity of their

primitives; as,

835.-EXPLANATION.-This rule applies to all those parts of the

verb derived or formed from the primary parts, §§ 51 and 52, i. e. the quantity of the primary part remains in all the parts formed from it.

836.-RULE XXVI. Compounds follow the quantity of the simple words which compose them; as,

ădămo, from ǎd and amo; deduco, from de and duco.

837.-Obs. 1. The change of a vowel or diphthong, n forming the compound, does not alter its quantity; as, cădo, concido; cœdo, concido; claudo, recludo; æquus, iniquus, &c.

838. Obs. 2. When a short syllable in the first part of the compound ends with a consonant, it becomes long by position when joined to another word beginning with a consonant; as, permaneo, from pèr and maneo; but if the second word begin with a vowel, the first retains its quantity; as, pěrambulo, from pèr and ambulo.

839.-Obs. 3. When the second part of a compound word begins with a vowel, the vowel ending the first part is short by Rule I. When it begins with two consonants, or a double consonant, the vowel preceding is long by Rule II. But if it begins with a simple consonant, followed by a vowel or diphthong, the vowel preceding is sometimes long, and sometimes short, by the following

Special Rules for the first part of a compound, ending with a vowel.

840.-Rule 1. The first part of a compound, if a preposition of one syllable, has the final vowel long; as, decido, prōtendo.

Exc. 1. Pro is short in procella, pròfanus, pròfari, profecto, pròfestus, proficiscor, profiteor, profugio, profugus, profundus, pronepos, proneptis, propero, and protervus. It is common in procuro, profundo, propago, propello, propino, propulso.

Exc. 2. The Greek pro (before), is always short; as, pròphēta, pròlogus. Note. The final vowel of a preposition of more than one syllable, retains its own quantity; as, contradico, antècedo.

841.-Rule 2. The inseparable prepositions, se and di, are long; re is short; as, Sepono, divello, rěpello.

Exc. 3. Di is short in dirimo and disertus. refert.

Re is long in

842.-Rule 3. The first part of a compound, not a preposition, has final a long; e, i, o, u, and y, short; as,

Malo, nefas, biceps, philosophus, décenti, Polýdōrus.

843.-EXCEPTIONS.

Exc. 1. A-In quăsi, eădem, not in the ablative, and in some Greek com pounds, a is short.

Exc. 2. E-The e is long in nemo, nēquam, nēquando, nèquaquam, nēquidquam, nēquis, nēquitia; mēmnet, mēcum, tēcum, sēcum, vēcors, vēsanus, venēficus. Also in words compounded with se for sex, or semi; as, sēdecim, semestris, &c. E is common in some compounds of facio; as, liquefacia patefacio, rarefacio, &o

Exc. 3. I.-When the first part of a compound is declined, i is long; as, quidam, quilibet, reipublicæ, &c., or when the first can be separated from the last, and yet both retain their form and, meaning; as, ludi-magister, lucri-facio, si-quis, agrī-cultura, &c.

I is sometimes made long by contraction; as, bīgœ, scilicet, bimus, &c., for bijuga, scire licet, bis annus, or biennius. It is also long in idem (masculine), ubique, utrobique, ibidem, nimirum, and the compounds of dies, such as, biduum, prīdie; merīdies, &c. In ubicunque and ubivis, it is

common.

Exc. 4. 0-Contro, intro, retro, and quando, in compounds, have the final o long; as, controversia, intrōduco, retrõcedo, quandõque, (except quan doquidem.)

O is long in compounds of quo; as, quomodo, quocunque, quominus, quocirca, quōvis, quoque, (from quisque;) but in quoque, the conjunction, it is short.

Exc. 5. U-Jupiter, jūdex, and judicium, have u long; also usucapio and usuvenio, being capable of separation, as in Exc. 3.

844.-RULE XXVII. The last syllable of every verse is

common.

845.-EXPLANATION.-This means that a short syllable at the end of a line, if the verse requires it, is considered long; and a long syllable, if the verse requires it, is considered short.

846.-N. B. A syllable which does not come under any of the preceding rules, is said to be long, or short, by "authority," viz.: of the poets.

§ 162. VERSIFICATION.

847.-A verse is a certain number of long and short syllables, disposed according to rule. The parts into which a verse is divided are called Feet.

FEET.

848.-A FOOT, in metre, is composed of two or more syllables, strictly regulated by time, and is either simple or compound. The simple feet are twelve in number, of which four consist of two, and eight of three syllables. There are sixteen compound feet, each of four syllables. These varieties are as follows:

849.-Simple feet of two Syllables.

Pyrrhic
Spondee
Iambus
Trochee

as Děŭs.

as fundunt.
as ĕränt.

as ärmă.

1. In every foot, a long syllable is equal in time to two short ones. To constitute feet Isochronous, two things are necessary: 1st. That they have the same time: 2d. That they be interchangeable in metre.

2. Feet have the same time which are measured by an equal number of short syllables; thus, the Spondee, Dactyl, Anapest, and Proceleusmaticus, have the same time, each being equal to four short syllables.

3. Feet are interchangeable in metre, when the ictus or stress of the voice falls, or may fall, on the same portion of the foot. The part of the foot that receives the ictus, is called arsis, or elevation; the rest of the foot is termed thesis, or depression.

4. The natural place of the arsis, is the long syllable of the foot. Hence, in the Iambus, it fails on the second syllable, and in the Trochee, on the first. Its place in the Spondee and Tribrach cannot be determined by the feet themselves, each syllable being of the same length.

5. In all kinds of verse, the fundamental foot determines the place of the arsis for the other feet admitted into it; thus, in Dactylic verse, and Trochaic verse, the Spondee will have the arsis on the first syllable ;-in Anapastic and Iambic, on the last. In Trochaic verse, the tribrach will have the arsis on the first syllable, in Iambic on the second,

6. Those feet, then, according to the ancients, were called isochronous, which were capable of being divided into parts that were equal in time, so that a short syllable should correspond to a short; and a long to a long, or to two short; thus, in Iambic and Trochaic verse,

853.-But feet which cannot be divided in this manner, are not isochronous, though they have the same time; thus, the Iambus and Trochee, though equal in time, cannot be divided so as to have the corresponding parts of equal length; thus,

854.-Hence these feet are not interchangeable, or isochronous; and for this reason a Trochee is never admitted into Iambic verse nor an Iambus into Trochaic. The same is true of the Spondee, (— —) and Amphibrach (~—~), and of the Amphibrach with the Dactyl or Anapæst.

855.-- 163. OF METRE.

1. Metre, in its general sense, means an arrangement of syllables and feet in verse, according to certain rules; and, in this sense, applies, not only to an entire verse, but to part of a verse, or to any number of verses. A metre, in a specific sense, means a combination of two feet (sometimes called a syzygy), and sometimes one foot only.

The distinction between rhythm and metre is this: the former, refers to the time only, in regard to which, two short syllables are equivalent to one long; the latter refers both to the time and the order of the syllables. The rhythm of an anapast and dactyl is the same; the metre different. The term rhythm, is also understood in a more comprehensive sense, and is applied to the harmonious construction and enunciation of feet and words in connection; thus, a line has rhythm when it contains any number of metres of equal time, without regard to their order. Metre requires a certain number of metres, and these arranged in a certain order. Thus, in this line,

Panditur interea domus omnipotentis Olympi,

there is both rhythm (as it contains six metres of equal value in respect of time) and metre, as these metres are arranged according to the canor